避免在四个符号中具有三个大小的列表的单词上进行平方
Avoiding squares over words with lists of size three amongst four symbols
摘要:
在2007年,Grytczuk猜想对于任何大小为$3$的字母序列$(\ell_i)_{i\ge1}$,存在一个无平方的无限字$w$,使得对于所有$i$,$w$的第$i$个字母属于$\ell_i$。1906年Thue的结果意味着,如果所有的$\ell_i$都相同,则存在无限无平方字。另一方面,Grytczuk、Przybyzio和Zhu在2011年证明,如果$\ell_i$的大小是$4$而不是$3$,则它也成立。在这篇文章中,我们首先证明,如果列表的大小为$4$,则无平方词的数量至少为$2.45^n$(以前的类似界限为$2^n$)。然后,我们展示了我们的主要结果:我们可以构建这样一个无平方的字,如果列表的大小$3$的大小相同的字母表的大小$4$的子集。我们的证明也意味着,至少有$1.25^n$平方无字的长度$n$任何这样的列表分配。这个证明依赖于一组用计算机验证的系数的存在。我们猜想,通过这种方法,可以用一台功能更强大的计算机来解决整个猜想(但我们可能需要等待几十年才能得到这样的计算机)。
英文摘要:
In 2007, Grytczuk conjecture that for any sequence $(\ell_i)_{i\ge1}$ of alphabets of size $3$ there exists a square-free infinite word $w$ such that for all $i$, the $i$-th letter of $w$ belongs to $\ell_i$. The result of Thue of 1906 implies that there is an infinite square-free word if all the $\ell_i$ are identical. On the other, hand Grytczuk, Przybyło and Zhu showed in 2011 that it also holds if the $\ell_i$ are of size $4$ instead of $3$. In this article, we first show that if the lists are of size $4$, the number of square-free words is at least $2.45^n$ (the previous similar bound was $2^n$). We then show our main result: we can construct such a square-free word if the lists are subsets of size $3$ of the same alphabet of size $4$. Our proof also implies that there are at least $1.25^n$ square-free words of length $n$ for any such list assignment. This proof relies on the existence of a set of coefficients verified with a computer. We suspect that the full conjecture could be resolved by this method with a much more powerful computer (but we might need to wait a few decades for such a computer to be available).
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。