云端的头脑：衡量高校迁移至公有云的影响
Heads in the Clouds: Measuring the Implications of Universities Migrating to Public Clouds
AI总结：
本研究针对美欧及THE百强高校开展公有云迁移纵向研究，发现不同国家云采用呈集群分化且早于疫情，其影响涉及学术独立与诚信。
摘要：
受新冠疫情影响，高校兴起远程教育与远程办公，高等教育的“Zoom化”（即高校向云端迁移）进入公众讨论视野。当前讨论认为，这一转变会使高校失去对学生数据的控制权，最终可能损害研究人员与学生双方的隐私。但目前尚无针对高校公有云使用情况及对软件即服务（SaaS）产品依赖度的全面测量，无法评估这一迁移的实际进展程度。\n我们针对美国、欧洲的高校，以及泰晤士高等教育（THE）百强榜单中的院校，开展了2015年1月至10月的公有云迁移纵向研究。研究发现，不同国家的云采用情况存在差异：一个集群（德国、法国、奥地利、瑞士）的云迁移程度有限，而另一个集群（美国、英国、荷兰、THE百强院校）早在新冠疫情暴发前很久，就已开始将高校的核心职能与服务大量外包。我们将这种集群分化归因于各国的若干社会经济因素，包括高等教育的整体文化以及高校运营的行政模式。随后我们对结果进行分析与解读，发现这一迁移的影响超出个人隐私范畴，还涉及学术独立性与学术诚信问题。
英文摘要：
With the emergence of remote education and work in universities due to COVID-19, the `zoomification' of higher education, i.e., the migration of universities to the clouds, reached the public discourse. Ongoing discussions reason about how this shift will take control over students' data away from universities, and may ultimately harm the privacy of researchers and students alike. However, there has been no comprehensive measurement of universities' use of public clouds and reliance on Software-as-a-Service offerings to assess how far this migration has already progressed. We perform a longitudinal study of the migration to public clouds among universities in the U.S. and Europe, as well as institutions listed in the Times Higher Education (THE) Top100 between January 2015 and October. We find that cloud adoption differs between countries, with one cluster (Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland) showing a limited move to clouds, while the other (U.S., U.K, the Netherlands, THE Top100) frequently outsources universities' core functions and services -- starting long before the COVID-19 pandemic. We attribute this clustering to several socio-economic factors in the respective countries, including the general culture of higher education and the administrative paradigm taken towards running universities. We then analyze and interpret our results, finding that the implications reach beyond individuals' privacy towards questions of academic independence and integrity.
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