平稳过程极大值时刻的分布
Distribution of the time of the maximum for stationary processes
摘要:
本文考虑一维平稳随机过程$x(τ)$,其持续时间为$T$ .我们研究的概率密度函数(PDF)$P(t_{\rm m}|T)$的时间$t_{\rm m}$在$x(τ)$达到其全球最大值。利用路径积分方法,我们计算了一些平衡和非平衡定态过程的$P(t_{\rm m}|T)$,包括Ornstein-Uhlenbeck过程,具有随机重置的布朗运动和单个受限的奔跑翻滚粒子.对于一个大类的平衡平稳过程,对应于扩散的限制潜力,我们表明,规模的分布$P(t_{\rm m}|T)$,大$T$,有一个普遍的形式(独立的细节的潜力)。这种普遍分布在“整体”中是均匀的,即,对于$0 \ll t_{\rm m} \ll T$,并且对于$t_{\rm m} \to 0$(以及当$t_{\rm m} \to T$时)具有非平凡的边缘缩放行为,我们精确计算。此外,我们证明了对于任何平衡过程,PDF $P(t_{\rm m}|T)$是关于$t_{\rm m}=T/2$对称的,即,$P(t_{\rm m}|T)=P(T-t_{\rm m}|T)$。这种对称性提供了一种简单的方法来判断一个给定的平稳时间序列$x(τ)$是否处于平衡状态。
英文摘要:
We consider a one-dimensional stationary stochastic process $x(τ)$ of duration $T$. We study the probability density function (PDF) $P(t_{\rm m}|T)$ of the time $t_{\rm m}$ at which $x(τ)$ reaches its global maximum. By using a path integral method, we compute $P(t_{\rm m}|T)$ for a number of equilibrium and nonequilibrium stationary processes, including the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, Brownian motion with stochastic resetting and a single confined run-and-tumble particle. For a large class of equilibrium stationary processes that correspond to diffusion in a confining potential, we show that the scaled distribution $P(t_{\rm m}|T)$, for large $T$, has a universal form (independent of the details of the potential). This universal distribution is uniform in the ``bulk'', i.e., for $0 \ll t_{\rm m} \ll T$ and has a nontrivial edge scaling behavior for $t_{\rm m} \to 0$ (and when $t_{\rm m} \to T$), that we compute exactly. Moreover, we show that for any equilibrium process the PDF $P(t_{\rm m}|T)$ is symmetric around $t_{\rm m}=T/2$, i.e., $P(t_{\rm m}|T)=P(T-t_{\rm m}|T)$. This symmetry provides a simple method to decide whether a given stationary time series $x(τ)$ is at equilibrium or not.
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