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arXiv 2104.04551astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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单云恒星形成关系

The Single-Cloud Star Formation Relation

Riwaj Pokhrel, Robert A. Gutermuth, Mark R. Krumholz, Christoph Federrath, Mark Heyer, Shivan Khullar, S. Thomas Megeath, Philip C. Myers, Stella S. R. Offner, … 展开作者

Riwaj Pokhrel, Robert A. Gutermuth, Mark R. Krumholz, Christoph Federrath, Mark Heyer, Shivan Khullar, S. Thomas Megeath, Philip C. Myers, Stella S. R. Offner, Judith L. Pipher, William J. Fischer, Thomas Henning, Joseph L. Hora

摘要:

天文学中最重要和最成熟的经验结果之一是星际气体密度与气体形成恒星的速率之间的肯尼库特-施密特(KS)关系。在星系尺度上,这些量之间的紧密相关性早已被测量出来。最近,利用对YSO的调查,在分子云中发现了KS关系,将恒星形成的表面密度与气体的表面密度联系起来;然而,这些定律的尺度在云与云之间有很大的不同。在这封信中,我们使用一个最近开发的,高精度的年轻恒星天体目录从$\textit{Spitzer}$结合高动态范围的气体柱密度图附近的12个($<$ 1.5千秒差距)分子云从$\textit{Herschel}$重新检查KS关系在个别分子云。我们发现,云的每单位面积的恒星形成率和它们的气体表面密度由气体自由落体时间归一化之间有紧密的线性相关性。测得的云内KS关系,其中涉及恒星形成率的体积密度,在每个云内超过两个数量级,几乎是相同的,在每一个12个云,这意味着一个恒定的恒星形成效率每自由落体时间$ε_{\rm ff}\approx 0.026$。在单个分子云(包括不含大质量恒星或大质量恒星反馈的云)中发现普遍相关性,有利于恒星形成受局部过程(如湍流或恒星反馈(如原恒星流出))调节的模型,而不利于恒星形成仅受星系性质或星系尺度上的超新星反馈调节的模型。

英文摘要:

One of the most important and well-established empirical results in astronomy is the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation between the density of interstellar gas and the rate at which that gas forms stars. A tight correlation between these quantities has long been measured at galactic scales. More recently, using surveys of YSOs, a KS relationship has been found within molecular clouds relating the surface density of star formation to the surface density of gas; however, the scaling of these laws varies significantly from cloud to cloud. In this Letter, we use a recently developed, high-accuracy catalog of young stellar objects from $\textit{Spitzer}$ combined with high-dynamic-range gas column density maps of twelve nearby ($<$1.5 kpc) molecular clouds from $\textit{Herschel}$ to re-examine the KS relation within individual molecular clouds. We find a tight, linear correlation between clouds' star formation rate per unit area and their gas surface density normalized by the gas free-fall time. The measured intracloud KS relation, which relates star formation rate to the volume density, extends over more than two orders of magnitude within each cloud and is nearly identical in each of the twelve clouds, implying a constant star formation efficiency per free-fall time $ε_{\rm ff}\approx 0.026$. The finding of a universal correlation within individual molecular clouds, including clouds that contain no massive stars or massive stellar feedback, favors models in which star formation is regulated by local processes such as turbulence or stellar feedback such as protostellar outflows, and disfavors models in which star formation is regulated only by galaxy properties or supernova feedback on galactic scales.

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