This paper presents a method for riggable 3D face reconstruction from monocular images, which jointly estimates a personalized face rig and per-image parameters including expressions, poses, and illuminations. To achieve this goal, we design an end-to-end trainable network embedded with a differentiable in-network optimization. The network first parameterizes the face rig as a compact latent code with a neural decoder, and then estimates the latent code as well as per-image parameters via a learnable optimization. By estimating a personalized face rig, our method goes beyond static reconstructions and enables downstream applications such as video retargeting. In-network optimization explicitly enforces constraints derived from the first principles, thus introduces additional priors than regression-based methods. Finally, data-driven priors from deep learning are utilized to constrain the ill-posed monocular setting and ease the optimization difficulty. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves SOTA reconstruction accuracy, reasonable robustness and generalization ability, and supports standard face rig applications.
Baidu Research（百度研究院）；National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Learning Technology and Applications（深度学习技术及应用国家工程实验室）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；Inceptio Inc.（嬴彻科技）
In this paper, we present a large-scale detailed 3D face dataset, FaceScape, and propose a novel algorithm that is able to predict elaborate riggable 3D face models from a single image input. FaceScape dataset provides 18,760 textured 3D faces, captured from 938 subjects and each with 20 specific expressions. The 3D models contain the pore-level facial geometry that is also processed to be topologically uniformed. These fine 3D facial models can be represented as a 3D morphable model for rough shapes and displacement maps for detailed geometry. Taking advantage of the large-scale and high-accu…
We propose BareSkinNet, a novel method that simultaneously removes makeup and lighting influences from the face image. Our method leverages a 3D morphable model and does not require a reference clean face image or a specified light condition. By combining the process of 3D face reconstruction, we can easily obtain 3D geometry and coarse 3D textures. Using this information, we can infer normalized 3D face texture maps (diffuse, normal, roughness, and specular) by an image-translation network. Consequently, reconstructed 3D face textures without undesirable information will significantly benefit…
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）；Tencent AI Lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）；Peng Cheng National Laboratory（鹏城国家实验室）
The evaluation of 3D face reconstruction results typically relies on a rigid shape alignment between the estimated 3D model and the ground-truth scan. We observe that aligning two shapes with different reference points can largely affect the evaluation results. This poses difficulties for precisely diagnosing and improving a 3D face reconstruction method. In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation approach with a new benchmark REALY, consists of 100 globally aligned face scans with accurate facial keypoints, high-quality region masks, and topology-consistent meshes. Our approach performs reg…
We present a differentiable ray-tracing based novel face reconstruction approach where scene attributes - 3D geometry, reflectance (diffuse, specular and roughness), pose, camera parameters, and scene illumination - are estimated from unconstrained monocular images. The proposed method models scene illumination via a novel, parameterized virtual light stage, which in-conjunction with differentiable ray-tracing, introduces a coarse-to-fine optimization formulation for face reconstruction. Our method can not only handle unconstrained illumination and self-shadows conditions, but also estimates d…
We develop a new algorithm to perform facial reconstruction from a given skull. This technique has forensic application in helping the identification of skeletal remains when other information is unavailable. Unlike most existing strategies that directly reconstruct the face from the skull, we utilize a database of portrait photos to create many face candidates, then perform a superimposition to get a well matched face, and then revise it according to the superimposition. To support this pipeline, we build an effective autoencoder for image-based facial reconstruction, and a generative model f…
Recently, many methods have been proposed for face reconstruction from multiple images, most of which involve fundamental principles of Shape from Shading and Structure from motion. However, a majority of the methods just generate discrete surface model of face. In this paper, B-spline Shape from Motion and Shading (BsSfMS) is proposed to reconstruct continuous B-spline surface for multi-view face images, according to an assumption that shading and motion information in the images contain 1st- and 0th-order derivative of B-spline face respectively. Face surface is expressed as a B-spline surfa…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；CloudWalk Technology（云从科技）；Research Center for Intelligent Security Technology, CIGIT（智能安全技术研究中心（CIGIT））
We propose a straightforward method that simultaneously reconstructs the 3D facial structure and provides dense alignment. To achieve this, we design a 2D representation called UV position map which records the 3D shape of a complete face in UV space, then train a simple Convolutional Neural Network to regress it from a single 2D image. We also integrate a weight mask into the loss function during training to improve the performance of the network. Our method does not rely on any prior face model, and can reconstruct full facial geometry along with semantic meaning. Meanwhile, our network is v…
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学数学科学学院）；School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学数据科学学院）
Caricature is an artistic abstraction of the human face by distorting or exaggerating certain facial features, while still retains a likeness with the given face. Due to the large diversity of geometric and texture variations, automatic landmark detection and 3D face reconstruction for caricature is a challenging problem and has rarely been studied before. In this paper, we propose the first automatic method for this task by a novel 3D approach. To this end, we first build a dataset with various styles of 2D caricatures and their corresponding 3D shapes, and then build a parametric model on ve…
We present a novel face reconstruction method capable of reconstructing detailed face geometry, spatially varying face reflectance from a single monocular image. We build our work upon the recent advances of DNN-based auto-encoders with differentiable ray tracing image formation, trained in self-supervised manner. While providing the advantage of learning-based approaches and real-time reconstruction, the latter methods lacked fidelity. In this work, we achieve, for the first time, high fidelity face reconstruction using self-supervised learning only. Our novel coarse-to-fine deep architecture…
Over the last years, with the advent of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), many face analysis tasks have accomplished astounding performance, with applications including, but not limited to, face generation and 3D face reconstruction from a single "in-the-wild" image. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is no method which can produce high-resolution photorealistic 3D faces from "in-the-wild" images and this can be attributed to the: (a) scarcity of available data for training, and (b) lack of robust methodologies that can successfully be applied on very high-resolution data.…
HiFace: High-Fidelity 3D Face Reconstruction by Learning Static and Dynamic Details
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Microsoft Mixed Reality & AI Lab（微软混合现实与人工智能实验室）；Microsoft Cloud + AI（微软云与人工智能部门）
3D face reconstruction is an important task in the field of computer vision. Although 3D face reconstruction has being developing rapidly in recent years, it is still a challenge for face reconstruction under large pose. That is because much of the information about a face in a large pose will be unknowable. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes a novel 3D face reconstruction algorithm (PIFR) based on 3D Morphable Model (3DMM). After input a single face image, it generates a frontal image by normalizing the image. Then we set weighted sum of the 3D parameters of the two images. O…
Sichuan University（四川大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
This paper proposes an encoder-decoder network to disentangle shape features during 3D face reconstruction from single 2D images, such that the tasks of reconstructing accurate 3D face shapes and learning discriminative shape features for face recognition can be accomplished simultaneously. Unlike existing 3D face reconstruction methods, our proposed method directly regresses dense 3D face shapes from single 2D images, and tackles identity and residual (i.e., non-identity) components in 3D face shapes explicitly and separately based on a composite 3D face shape model with latent representation…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）
3D face reconstruction is a challenging problem but also an important task in the field of computer vision and graphics. Recently, many researchers put attention to the problem and a large number of articles have been published. Single image reconstruction is one of the branches of 3D face reconstruction, which has a lot of applications in our life. This paper is a review of the recent literature on 3D face reconstruction from a single image.
Even though 3D face reconstruction has achieved impressive progress, most orthogonal projection-based face reconstruction methods can not achieve accurate and consistent reconstruction results when the face is very close to the camera due to the distortion under the perspective projection. In this paper, we propose to simultaneously reconstruct 3D face mesh in the world space and predict 2D face landmarks on the image plane to address the problem of perspective 3D face reconstruction. Based on the predicted 3D vertices and 2D landmarks, the 6DoF (6 Degrees of Freedom) face pose can be easily e…
State-of-the-art methods for 3D reconstruction of faces from a single image require 2D-3D pairs of ground-truth data for supervision. Such data is costly to acquire, and most datasets available in the literature are restricted to pairs for which the input 2D images depict faces in a near fronto-parallel pose. Therefore, many data-driven methods for single-image 3D facial reconstruction perform poorly on profile and near-profile faces. We propose a method to improve the performance of single-image 3D facial reconstruction networks by utilizing the network to synthesize its own training data for…
Sichuan University（四川大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
Face alignment and 3D face reconstruction are traditionally accomplished as separated tasks. By exploring the strong correlation between 2D landmarks and 3D shapes, in contrast, we propose a joint face alignment and 3D face reconstruction method to simultaneously solve these two problems for 2D face images of arbitrary poses and expressions. This method, based on a summation model of 3D faces and cascaded regression in 2D and 3D shape spaces, iteratively and alternately applies two cascaded regressors, one for updating 2D landmarks and the other for 3D shape. The 3D shape and the landmarks are…
Cascaded regression has been recently applied to reconstructing 3D faces from single 2D images directly in shape space, and achieved state-of-the-art performance. This paper investigates thoroughly such cascaded regression based 3D face reconstruction approaches from four perspectives that are not well studied yet: (i) The impact of the number of 2D landmarks; (ii) the impact of the number of 3D vertices; (iii) the way of using standalone automated landmark detection methods; and (iv) the convergence property. To answer these questions, a simplified cascaded regression based 3D face reconstruc…
VisionLabs；Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Ecole Normale Superieure（巴黎高等师范学院）；PSL Research University（巴黎文理研究大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
Estimation of facial shapes plays a central role for face transfer and animation. Accurate 3D face reconstruction, however, often deploys iterative and costly methods preventing real-time applications. In this work we design a compact and fast CNN model enabling real-time face reconstruction on mobile devices. For this purpose, we first study more traditional but slow morphable face models and use them to automatically annotate a large set of images for CNN training. We then investigate a class of efficient MobileNet CNNs and adapt such models for the task of shape regression. Our evaluation o…
Hong Kong Baptist University（香港浸会大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
State-of-the-art face recognition systems are based on deep (convolutional) neural networks. Therefore, it is imperative to determine to what extent face templates derived from deep networks can be inverted to obtain the original face image. In this paper, we study the vulnerabilities of a state-of-the-art face recognition system based on template reconstruction attack. We propose a neighborly de-convolutional neural network (\textit{NbNet}) to reconstruct face images from their deep templates. In our experiments, we assumed that no knowledge about the target subject and the deep network are a…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）
Recently, deep learning based 3D face reconstruction methods have shown promising results in both quality and efficiency.However, training deep neural networks typically requires a large volume of data, whereas face images with ground-truth 3D face shapes are scarce. In this paper, we propose a novel deep 3D face reconstruction approach that 1) leverages a robust, hybrid loss function for weakly-supervised learning which takes into account both low-level and perception-level information for supervision, and 2) performs multi-image face reconstruction by exploiting complementary information fro…
Alibaba Inc.（阿里巴巴集团）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）
3D face reconstruction is a fundamental task that can facilitate numerous applications such as robust facial analysis and augmented reality. It is also a challenging task due to the lack of high-quality datasets that can fuel current deep learning-based methods. However, existing datasets are limited in quantity, realisticity and diversity. To circumvent these hurdles, we introduce Pixel-Face, a large-scale, high-resolution and diverse 3D face dataset with massive annotations. Specifically, Pixel-Face contains 855 subjects aging from 18 to 80. Each subject has more than 20 samples with various…
The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；The Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii), CUHK-Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳）未来智联网络研究院）
This paper addresses the problem of single view 3D human reconstruction. Recent implicit function based methods have shown impressive results, but they fail to recover fine face details in their reconstructions. This largely degrades user experience in applications like 3D telepresence. In this paper, we focus on improving the quality of face in the reconstruction and propose a novel Jointly-aligned Implicit Face Function (JIFF) that combines the merits of the implicit function based approach and model based approach. We employ a 3D morphable face model as our shape prior and compute space-ali…
3D face reconstruction from a single image is a challenging problem, especially under partial occlusions and extreme poses. This is because the uncertainty of the estimated 2D landmarks will affect the quality of face reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a novel joint 2D and 3D optimization method to adaptively reconstruct 3D face shapes from a single image, which combines the depths of 3D landmarks to solve the uncertain detections of invisible landmarks. The strategy of our method involves two aspects: a coarse-to-fine pose estimation using both 2D and 3D landmarks, and an adaptive 2D a…
University of Surrey（萨里大学）；University of Stirling（斯特灵大学）；Jiangnan University（江南大学）；Sichuan University（四川大学）；Reutlingen University（罗伊特林根大学）
This paper investigates the evaluation of dense 3D face reconstruction from a single 2D image in the wild. To this end, we organise a competition that provides a new benchmark dataset that contains 2000 2D facial images of 135 subjects as well as their 3D ground truth face scans. In contrast to previous competitions or challenges, the aim of this new benchmark dataset is to evaluate the accuracy of a 3D dense face reconstruction algorithm using real, accurate and high-resolution 3D ground truth face scans. In addition to the dataset, we provide a standard protocol as well as a Python script fo…
Occlusions are a common occurrence in unconstrained face images. Single image 3D reconstruction from such face images often suffers from corruption due to the presence of occlusions. Furthermore, while a plurality of 3D reconstructions is plausible in the occluded regions, existing approaches are limited to generating only a single solution. To address both of these challenges, we present Diverse3DFace, which is specifically designed to simultaneously generate a diverse and realistic set of 3D reconstructions from a single occluded face image. It consists of three components: a global+local sh…
Monocular 3D facial shape reconstruction from a single 2D facial image has been an active research area due to its wide applications. Inspired by the success of deep neural networks (DNN), we propose a DNN-based approach for End-to-End 3D FAce Reconstruction (UH-E2FAR) from a single 2D image. Different from recent works that reconstruct and refine the 3D face in an iterative manner using both an RGB image and an initial 3D facial shape rendering, our DNN model is end-to-end, and thus the complicated 3D rendering process can be avoided. Moreover, we integrate in the DNN architecture two compone…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
With the powerfulness of convolution neural networks (CNN), CNN based face reconstruction has recently shown promising performance in reconstructing detailed face shape from 2D face images. The success of CNN-based methods relies on a large number of labeled data. The state-of-the-art synthesizes such data using a coarse morphable face model, which however has difficulty to generate detailed photo-realistic images of faces (with wrinkles). This paper presents a novel face data generation method. Specifically, we render a large number of photo-realistic face images with different attributes bas…
Limited by the nature of the low-dimensional representational capacity of 3DMM, most of the 3DMM-based face reconstruction (FR) methods fail to recover high-frequency facial details, such as wrinkles, dimples, etc. Some attempt to solve the problem by introducing detail maps or non-linear operations, however, the results are still not vivid. To this end, we in this paper present a novel hierarchical representation network (HRN) to achieve accurate and detailed face reconstruction from a single image. Specifically, we implement the geometry disentanglement and introduce the hierarchical represe…
Several methods for inversion of face recognition models were recently presented, attempting to reconstruct a face from deep templates. Although some of these approaches work in a black-box setup using only face embeddings, usually, on the end-user side, only similarity scores are provided. Therefore, these algorithms are inapplicable in such scenarios. We propose a novel approach that allows reconstructing the face querying only similarity scores of the black-box model. While our algorithm operates in a more general setup, experiments show that it is query efficient and outperforms the existi…
Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Image
Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院香港创新研究院）
SenseTime Research and Tetras.AI（商汤科技研究院和Tetras.AI）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
Given a monocular face image as input, 3D face geometry reconstruction aims to recover a corresponding 3D face mesh. Recently, both optimization-based and learning-based face reconstruction methods have taken advantage of the emerging differentiable renderer and shown promising results. However, the differentiable renderer, mainly based on graphics rules, simplifies the realistic mechanism of the illumination, reflection, \etc, of the real world, thus cannot produce realistic images. This brings a lot of domain-shift noise to the optimization or training process. In this work, we introduce a n…
Three-dimensional face dense alignment and reconstruction in the wild is a challenging problem as partial facial information is commonly missing in occluded and large pose face images. Large head pose variations also increase the solution space and make the modeling more difficult. Our key idea is to model occlusion and pose to decompose this challenging task into several relatively more manageable subtasks. To this end, we propose an end-to-end framework, termed as Self-aligned Dual face Regression Network (SADRNet), which predicts a pose-dependent face, a pose-independent face. They are comb…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；POSTECH（浦项科技大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；IST Austria（奥地利科学技术研究所）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）；MIT CSAIL（麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室）
The reflectance field of a face describes the reflectance properties responsible for complex lighting effects including diffuse, specular, inter-reflection and self shadowing. Most existing methods for estimating the face reflectance from a monocular image assume faces to be diffuse with very few approaches adding a specular component. This still leaves out important perceptual aspects of reflectance as higher-order global illumination effects and self-shadowing are not modeled. We present a new neural representation for face reflectance where we can estimate all components of the reflectance …
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）
3D face reconstruction from a single image is a classical and challenging problem, with wide applications in many areas. Inspired by recent works in face animation from RGB-D or monocular video inputs, we develop a novel method for reconstructing 3D faces from unconstrained 2D images, using a coarse-to-fine optimization strategy. First, a smooth coarse 3D face is generated from an example-based bilinear face model, by aligning the projection of 3D face landmarks with 2D landmarks detected from the input image. Afterwards, using local corrective deformation fields, the coarse 3D face is refined…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；CASIA（中国科学院自动化研究所）
3D face reconstruction from a single 2D image is a challenging problem with broad applications. Recent methods typically aim to learn a CNN-based 3D face model that regresses coefficients of 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) from 2D images to render 3D face reconstruction or dense face alignment. However, the shortage of training data with 3D annotations considerably limits performance of those methods. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel 2D-assisted self-supervised learning (2DASL) method that can effectively use "in-the-wild" 2D face images with noisy landmark information to substantially im…
China University of Mining and Technology（中国矿业大学）；Jiangsu Normal University（江苏师范大学）
A sample-relaxed two-dimensional color principal component analysis (SR-2DCPCA) approach is presented for face recognition and image reconstruction based on quaternion models. A relaxation vector is automatically generated according to the variances of training color face images with the same label. A sample-relaxed, low-dimensional covariance matrix is constructed based on all the training samples relaxed by a relaxation vector, and its eigenvectors corresponding to the $r$ largest eigenvalues are defined as the optimal projection. The SR-2DCPCA aims to enlarge the global variance rather than…
3D Face Reconstruction with the Geometric Guidance of Facial Part Segmentation
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）
Ecole Centrale de Lyon（里昂中央理工学院）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
Although much progress has been made recently in 3D face reconstruction, most previous work has been devoted to predicting accurate and fine-grained 3D shapes. In contrast, relatively little work has focused on generating high-fidelity face textures. Compared with the prosperity of photo-realistic 2D face image generation, high-fidelity 3D face texture generation has yet to be studied. In this paper, we proposed a novel UV map generation model that predicts the UV map from a single face image. The model consists of a UV sampler and a UV generator. By selectively sampling the input face image's…
We present a novel 3D face reconstruction technique that leverages sparse photometric stereo (PS) and latest advances on face registration/modeling from a single image. We observe that 3D morphable faces approach provides a reasonable geometry proxy for light position calibration. Specifically, we develop a robust optimization technique that can calibrate per-pixel lighting direction and illumination at a very high precision without assuming uniform surface albedos. Next, we apply semantic segmentation on input images and the geometry proxy to refine hairy vs. bare skin regions using tailored …
