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arXiv 2104.01368math.PRmath.AP
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有向网络和马尔可夫链的Laplace方程和双Laplace方程

Laplace and bi-Laplace equations for directed networks and Markov chains

Thomas Hirschler, Wolfgang Woess

摘要:

这个网络-主要是(但不完全是)暂时的-纲要是强连接的,有限有向图$X$,其中每个定向边$(x,y)$配备有正权重(电导)$a(x,y)$。我们不假设该函数的对称性,并且通常不要求$(x,y)$和$(y,x)$都是边。权重产生了一个差分算子,我们将其归一化版本视为拉普拉斯算子。它与状态空间为$X$的马尔可夫链相关联。将$X$的非空子集指定为边界。本文从泊松方程、狄利克雷问题和诺依曼问题入手,系统地阐述了拉普拉斯方程的不同类型。对于后者,我们讨论了外正规导数的定义。然后,我们传递到拉普拉斯方程涉及的潜力,从而也解决罗宾边界问题。接下来,我们研究了双拉普拉斯算子和相关方程:迭代泊松方程,双拉普拉斯Neumann和狄利克雷问题,以及“板方程”。证明了双Laplace Dirichlet到Neumann映射的重要性。论述以两个详细的例子结束。

英文摘要:

The networks of this -- primarily (but not exclusively) expository -- compendium are strongly connected, finite directed graphs $X$, where each oriented edge $(x,y)$ is equipped with a positive weight (conductance) $a(x,y)$. We are not assuming symmetry of this function, and in general we do not require that along with $(x,y)$, also $(y,x)$ is an edge. The weights give rise to a difference operator, the normalised version of which we consider as our Laplace operator. It is associated with a Markov chain with state space $X$. A non-empty subset of $X$ is designated as the boundary. We provide a systematic exposition of the different types of Laplace equations, starting with the Poisson equation, Dirichlet problem and Neumann problem. For the latter, we discuss the definition of outer normal derivatives. We then pass to Laplace equations involving potentials, thereby also addressing the Robin boundary problem. Next, we study the bi-Laplacian and associated equations: the iterated Poisson equation, the bi-Laplace Neumann and Dirichlet problems, and the "plate equation". It turns out that the bi-Laplace Dirichlet to Neumann map is of non-trivial interest. The exposition concludes with two detailed examples.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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