Mid-infrared circumstellar emission of the long-period Cepheid l Carinae resolved with VLTI/MATISSE
V. Hocdé, N. Nardetto, A. Matter, E. Lagadec, A. Mérand, P. Cruzalèbes, A. Meilland, F. Millour, B. Lopez, P. Berio, G. Weigelt, R. Petrov, J. W. Isbell, W. Jaf… 展开作者
V. Hocdé, N. Nardetto, A. Matter, E. Lagadec, A. Mérand, P. Cruzalèbes, A. Meilland, F. Millour, B. Lopez, P. Berio, G. Weigelt, R. Petrov, J. W. Isbell, W. Jaffe, P. Kervella, A. Glindemann, M. Schöller, F. Allouche, A. Gallenne, A. Domiciano de Souza, G. Niccolini, E. Kokoulina, J. Varga, S. Lagarde, J. -C. Augereau, R. van Boekel, P. Bristow, Th. Henning, K. -H. Hofmann, G. Zins, W. -C. Danchi, M. Delbo, C. Dominik, V. Gámez Rosas, L. Klarmann, J. Hron, M. R. Hogerheijde, K. Meisenheimer, E. Pantin, C. Paladini, S. Robbe-Dubois, D. Schertl, P. Stee, R. Waters, M. Lehmitz, F. Bettonvil, M. Heininger, P. Bristow, J. Woillez, S. Wolf, G. Yoffe, L. Szabados, A. Chiavassa, S. Borgniet, L. Breuval, B. Javanmardi, P. Ábrahám, S. Abadie, R. Abuter, M. Accardo, T. Adler, T. Agócs, J. Alonso, P. Antonelli, A. Böhm, C. Bailet, G. Bazin, U. Beckmann, J. Beltran, W. Boland, P. Bourget, R. Brast, Y. Bresson, L. Burtscher, R. Buter, R. Castillo, A. Chelli, C. Cid, J. -M. Clausse, C. Connot, R. D. Conzelmann, M. De Haan, M. Ebert, E. Elswijk, Y. Fantei, R. Frahm, V. Gámez Rosas, A. Gabasch, E. Garces, P. Girard, A. Glazenborg, F. Y. J. Gonté, J. C. González Herrera, U. Graser, P. Guajardo, F. Guitton, H. Hanenburg, X. Haubois, N. Hubin, R. Huerta, J. Idserda, D. Ives, G. Jakob, A. Jaskó, L. Jochum, R. Klein, J. Kragt, G. Kroes, S. Kuindersma, L. Labadie, W. Laun, R. Le Poole, C. Leinert, J. -L. Lizon, M. Lopez, A. Marcotto, N. Mauclert, T. Maurer, L. H. Mehrgan, J. Meisner, K. Meixner, M. Mellein, L. Mohr, S. Morel, L. Mosoni, R. Navarro, U. Neumann, E. Nußbaum, L. Pallanca, L. Pasquini, I. Percheron, T. Phan Duc, J. -U. Pott, E. Pozna, A. Ridinger, F. Rigal, M. Riquelme, Th. Rivinius, R. Roelfsema, R. -R. Rohloff, S. Rousseau, N. Schuhler, M. Schuil, K. Shabun, A. Soulain, C. Stephan, R. ter Horst, N. Tromp, F. Vakili, A. van Duin, L. B. Venema, J. Vinther, M. Wittkowski, F. Wrhel
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13 pages, 8 figures, accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics
The nature of circumstellar envelopes (CSE) around Cepheids is still a matter of debate. The physical origin of their infrared (IR) excess could be either a shell of ionized gas, or a dust envelope, or both. This study aims at constraining the geometry and the IR excess of the environment of the long-period Cepheid $\ell$ Car (P=35.5 days) at mid-IR wavelengths to understand its physical nature. We first use photometric observations in various bands and Spitzer Space Telescope spectroscopy to constrain the IR excess of $\ell$ Car. Then, we analyze the VLTI/MATISSE measurements at a specific phase of observation, in order to determine the flux contribution, the size and shape of the environment of the star in the L band. We finally test the hypothesis of a shell of ionized gas in order to model the IR excess. We report the first detection in the L band of a centro-symmetric extended emission around l Car, of about 1.7$R_\star$ in FWHM, producing an excess of about 7.0\% in this band. In the N band, there is no clear evidence for dust emission from VLTI/MATISSE correlated flux and Spitzer data. On the other side, the modeled shell of ionized gas implies a more compact CSE ($1.13\pm0.02\,R_\star$) and fainter (IR excess of 1\% in the L band). We provide new evidences for a compact CSE of $\ell$ Car and we demonstrate the capabilities of VLTI/MATISSE for determining common properties of CSEs. While the compact CSE of $\ell$ Car is probably of gaseous nature, the tested model of a shell of ionized gas is not able to simultaneously reproduce the IR excess and the interferometric observations. Further Galactic Cepheids observations with VLTI/MATISSE are necessary for determining the properties of CSEs, which may also depend on both the pulsation period and the evolutionary state of the stars.
For the first time we observed the emission of hot exozodiacal dust in L band. We used the new instrument MATISSE at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer to detect the hot dust around $κ$ Tuc with a significance of 3$σ$ to 6$σ$ at wavelengths between 3.37 and 3.85 $μ$m and a dust-to-star flux ratio of 5 to 7 %. We modelled the spectral energy distribution based on the new L band data alone and in combination with H band data published previously. In all cases we find 0.58 $μ$m grains of amorphous carbon to fit the $κ$ Tuc observations the best, however, also nanometre or micrometre grains a…
The complex inner disk of the Herbig Ae star HD 100453 with VLTI/MATISSE
Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, HUN-REN（孔科利天文台，匈牙利研究网络天文学与地球科学研究中心）；Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学安东·潘内库克天文学研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，IPAG）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）
An interferometric mid-infrared study of the eruptive star binary Z CMa with MATISSE/VLTI. I. Imaging the protoplanetary disks during the 2023 outburst
We present in this paper the general formalism and data processing steps used in the MATISSE data reduction software, as it has been developed by the MATISSE consortium. The MATISSE instrument is the mid-infrared new generation interferometric instrument of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). It is a 2-in-1 instrument with 2 cryostats and 2 detectors: one 2k x 2k Rockwell Hawaii 2RG detector for L\&M-bands, and one 1k x 1k Raytheon Aquarius detector for N-band, both read at high framerates, up to 30 frames per second. MATISSE is undergoing its first tests in laboratory today.
The asymmetric structure of the inner disc around HD 142527 A with VLTI/MATISSE
HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Observatory（匈牙利研究学院地球与天体科学研究中心孔科利天文台）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿天文台，莱顿大学）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，IPAG）；Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学安东·潘内贝克天体物理学研究所）；SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research（荷兰空间研究所）
The disk of FU Orionis is marginally resolved with MATISSE, suggesting that the region emitting in the thermal infrared is rather compact. An upper limit of $\sim1.3\pm0.1$ mas (in $L$) can be given for the diameter of the disk region probed in the $L$ band, corresponding to 0.5 au at the adopted Gaia EDR3 distance. This represents the hot, gaseous region of the accretion disk. The $N$-band data indicate that the dusty passive disk is silicate-rich. Only the innermost region of said dusty disk is found to emit strongly in the $N$ band, and it is resolved at an angular size of $\sim5$ mas, whic…
The effect of winds on atmospheric layers of red supergiants II. Modelling VLTI/GRAVITY and MATISSE observations of AH Sco, KW Sgr, V602 Car, CK Car and V460 Car
Context. Red supergiant stars possess surface features and extended molecular atmospheres. Photospheric convection may be a crucial factor of the levitation of the outer atmospheric layers. However, the mechanism responsible is still poorly understood. Aims. We image the stellar surface of V602 Carinae (V602 Car) to constrain the morphology and contrast of the surface features and of the extended atmospheric layers. Methods. We observed V602 Car with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) PIONIER instrument (1.53-1.78 $\mathrmμ$m) between May and July 2016, and April and July 2019 with…
Context: FS Canis Majoris (FS CMa, HD 45677) is an unclassified B[e] star surrounded by an inclined dust disk. The evolutionary stage of FS CMa is still debated. Perpendicular to the circumstellar disk, a bipolar outflow was detected. Infrared aperture-synthesis imaging provides us with a unique opportunity to study the disk structure. Aims: Our aim is to study the intensity distribution of the disk of FS CMa in the mid-infrared L and N bands. Methods: We performed aperture-synthesis imaging of FS CMa with the MATISSE instrument (Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment) in the low…
We analyze interferometric measurements of the Luminous Blue Variable Eta Carinae with the goal of constraining the rotational velocity of the primary star and probing the influence of the companion. Using 2-D radiative transfer models of latitude-dependent stellar winds, we find that prolate wind models with a ratio of the rotational velocity (vrot) to the critical velocity (vcrit) of W=0.77-0.92, inclination angle of i=60-90 degrees, and position angle PA=108-142 degrees reproduce simultaneously K-band continuum visibilities from VLTI/VINCI and closure phase measurements from VLTI/AMBER. Int…
AGB stars are one of the main sources of dust production in the Galaxy. However, it is not clear what this process looks like and where the dust is condensing in the circumstellar environment. By characterizing the location of the dust and the molecules in the close environment of an AGB star, we aim to achieve a better understanding the history of the dust formation process. We observed the carbon star R Scl with the VLTI-MATISSE instrument in L- and N-bands. The high angular resolution of the VLTI observations, combined with a large uv-plane coverage allowed us to use image reconstruction me…
Context. The mass loss from massive stars is not understood well. Eta Car is a unique object for studying the massive stellar wind during the LBV phase. It is also an eccentric binary with a period of 5.54 yr. The nature of both stars is uncertain, although we know from X-ray studies that there is a wind-wind collision whose properties change with orbital phase. Methods. Observations of Eta Car were carried out with the ESO VLTI and the AMBER instrument between approximately five and seven months before the August 2014 periastron passage. Velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis images were recons…
Context. Protoplanetary disks show large diversity regarding their morphology and dust composition. With mid-infrared interferometry the thermal emission of disks can be spatially resolved, and the distribution and properties of the dust within can be studied. Aims. Our aim is to perform a statistical analysis on a large sample of 82 disks around low- and intermediate-mass young stars, based on mid-infrared interferometric observations. We intend to study the distribution of disk sizes, variability, and the silicate dust mineralogy. Methods. Archival mid-infrared interferometric data from the …
Carbon is one of the most abundant components in the Universe. While silicates have been the main focus of solid phase studies in protoplanetary discs (PPDs), little is known about the solid carbon content especially in the planet-forming regions ($\sim $0.1 to 10 au). Fortunately, several refractory carbonaceous species present C-H bonds (such as hydrogenated nano-diamond and amorphous carbon as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), which generate infrared (IR) features that can be used to trace the solid carbon reservoirs. The new mid-IR instrument MATISSE, installed at the Very …
Context. The inner few au region of planet-forming disks is a complex environment. High angular resolution observations have a key role in understanding the disk structure and the dynamical processes at work. Aims. In this study we aim to characterize the mid-infrared brightness distribution of the inner disk of the young intermediate-mass star HD 163296, from VLTI/MATISSE observations. Methods. We use geometric models to fit the data. Our models include a smoothed ring, a flat disk with inner cavity, and a 2D Gaussian. The models can account for disk inclination and for azimuthal asymmetries …
The presence of stable, compact circumbinary discs of gas and dust around post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) binary systems has been well established. We focus on one such system: IRAS 08544-4431. We present an interferometric multi-wavelength analysis of the circumstellar environment of IRAS 08544-4431. The aim is to constrain different contributions to the total flux in the H, K, L, and N-bands in the radial direction. The data from VLTI/PIONIER, VLTI/GRAVITY, and VLTI/MATISSE range from the near-infrared, where the post-AGB star dominates, to the mid-infrared, where the disc dominates.…
The inner regions of protoplanetary discs (from $\sim$ 0.1 to 10 au) are the expected birthplace of planets, especially telluric. In those high temperature regions, solids can experience cyclical annealing, vaporisation and recondensation. Hot and warm dusty grains emits mostly in the infrared domain, notably in N-band (8 to 13~$μ$m). Studying their fine chemistry through mid-infrared spectro-interferometry with the new VLTI instrument MATISSE, which can spatially resolve these regions, requires detailed dust chemistry models. Using radiative transfer, we derived infrared spectra of a fiducial…
Baade-Wesselink-type (BW) techniques enable geometric distance measurements of Cepheid variable stars in the Galaxy and the Magellanic clouds. The leading uncertainties involved concern projection factors required to translate observed radial velocities (RVs) to pulsational velocities and recently discovered modulated variability. We carried out an unprecedented observational campaign involving long-baseline interferometry (VLTI/PIONIER) and spectroscopy (Euler/Coralie) to search for modulated variability in the long-period (P $\sim$ 35.5 d) Cepheid Carinae. We determine highly precise angular…
Multi-band infrared imaging reveals dusty spiral arcs around the binary B[e] star 3 Puppis
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸观测站，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；ONERA / DEMR, Université de Toulouse（法国航空国防技术研究院/电子与微电子研究部，图卢兹大学）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton（南安普顿大学物理与天文学系）
Spatial and spectral constraints on resolved mass-loss of the massive Post-RSG star IRAS 17163-3907 and its Fried Egg Nebula
Joint ALMA Observatory（ALMA联合天文台）；ESO（欧洲南方天文台）；Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab（吉米尼天文台/美国国家光学红外天文实验室）；IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens（雅典国家天文台天体物理学、天文学与空间应用研究所）；Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学天体物理科学系）；Royal Observatory of Belgium（比利时皇家天文台）；School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds（利兹大学物理与天文学院）；Department of Space, Earth, and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory（查尔姆斯理工大学地球空间环境学院翁萨拉太空天文台）；Armagh Observatory and Planetarium（阿马赫天文台和天文馆）；Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院新疆天文台）；Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics（乔德雷尔银行天体物理学中心）
We present the Mid-infrared stellar Diameters and Fluxes compilation Catalogue (MDFC) dedicated to long-baseline interferometry at mid-infrared wavelengths (3-13 mum). It gathers data for half a million stars, i.e. nearly all the stars of the Hipparcos-Tycho catalogue whose spectral type is reported in the SIMBAD database. We cross-match 26 databases to provide basic information, binarity elements, angular diameter, magnitude and flux in the near and mid-infrared, as well as flags that allow us to identify the potential calibrators. The catalogue covers the entire sky with 465 857 stars, mainl…
The physical interpretation of spectro-interferometric data is strongly model-dependent. On one hand, models involving elaborate radiative transfer solvers are too time consuming in general to perform an automatic fitting procedure and derive astrophysical quantities and their related errors. On the other hand, using simple geometrical models does not give sufficient insights into the physics of the object. We propose to stand in between these two extreme approaches by using a physical but still simple parameterised model for the object under consideration. Based on this philosophy, we develop…
In 2002, V838 Monocerotis (V838 Mon) erupted in a red novae event which has been interpreted to be a stellar merger. Soon after reaching peak luminosity, it began to cool, and its spectrum evolved to later spectral types. Dust was also formed in the post-merger remnant, making it bright in the mid-infrared. Interferometric studies at these wavelengths have suggested the presence of a flattened, elongated structure. We investigate, for the first time, the structure and orientation of the dusty envelope surrounding V838 Mon in the $L$(2.8-4.2 $μ$m) band using recent observations with the MATISSE…
Hot exozodiacal dust emission was detected in recent surveys around two dozen main sequence stars at distances of less than $1\,\text{au}$ using H and K band interferometry. Due to the high contrast as well as the small angular distance between the circumstellar dust and the star, direct observation of this dust component is challenging. An alternative way to explore the hot exozodiacal dust is provided by mid-infrared interferometry. We analyze the L, M and N band interferometric signature of this emission in order to find stronger constraints for the properties and the origin of the hot exoz…
Interferometric view into RT Pav's long secondary period. binary vs oscillatory convective modes
European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学天文学与天体物理研究学院）；Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)（布鲁塞尔自由大学天文学与天体物理学研究所）；Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw（华沙大学天文台）；Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学天体物理研究所）；Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile（智利圣地亚哥大学物理系）；Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Astrophysics and Space Exploration (CIRAS), USACH（智利圣地亚哥大学天体物理与空间探索跨学科研究中心）
