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arXiv 2103.16044cond-mat.quant-gas
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三体相互作用玻色子的一阶玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

First-order Bose-Einstein condensation with three-body interacting bosons

Hui Hu, Zeng-Qiang Yu, Jia Wang, Xia-Ji Liu

摘要:

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚,在强相互作用的液氦或弱相互作用的原子玻色气体中观察到,被广泛认为是二级相变。在这里,我们预测一个一阶玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在一个和谐的捕获玻色子云相互作用的吸引两体相互作用和排斥的三体相互作用,其特征分别为一个$s$ -波散射长度$a<0$和三体散射超体积$D>0$。它发生在谐波俘获势较弱时,因此随着温度的升高,系统从低温液体状量子滴变为正常气体,因此经历一级液体到气体的转变。然而,在大的捕获势下,量子液滴可以首先转变为超流气体,使得随后发生的从超流气体到正常气体的冷凝转变变得平滑。我们确定了一个丰富的相图,并显示存在一个三临界点,在那里的三相-量子液滴,超流气体和正常气体-满足在一起。我们认为,自旋极化的氚原子系综可能是一个有希望的候选人,以观察预测的一阶玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚,跨越该凝聚分数或中心凝聚密度跳到零和表面模式频率发散。

英文摘要:

Bose-Einstein condensation, observed in either strongly interacting liquid helium or weakly interacting atomic Bose gases, is widely known to be a second-order phase transition. Here, we predict a first-order Bose-Einstein condensation in a cloud of harmonically trapped bosons interacting with both attractive two-body interaction and repulsive three-body interaction, characterized respectively by an $s$-wave scattering length $a<0$ and a three-body scattering hypervolume $D>0$. It happens when the harmonic trapping potential is weak, so with increasing temperature the system changes from a low-temperature liquid-like quantum droplet to a normal gas, and therefore experiences a first-order liquid-to-gas transition. At large trapping potential, however, the quantum droplet can first turn into a superfluid gas, rendering the condensation transition occurred later from a superfluid gas to a normal gas smooth. We determine a rich phase diagram and show the existence of a tri-critical point, where the three phases - quantum droplet, superfluid gas and normal gas - meet together. We argue that an ensemble of spin-polarized tritium atoms could be a promising candidate to observe the predicted first-order Bose-Einstein condensation, across which the condensate fraction or central condensate density jumps to zero and the surface-mode frequencies diverge.

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