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arXiv 2103.15904astro-ph.SR
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激波加热辐射驱动外流作为晚O型星弱风问题的解决方案

Shock-heated radiation-driven outflows as a solution to the weak-wind problem of late O-type stars

C. Lagae, F. A. Driessen, L. Hennicker, N. D. Kee, J. O. Sundqvist

摘要:

上下文辐射驱动的质量损失是我们理解恒星演化的关键。然而,对于低光度的O型恒星,理论预测和经验得出的质量损失率之间存在很大的差异(称为弱风问题)。目标。我们计算了一个典型的弱风星的辐射线驱动的风模型,以确定其温度结构和相应的紫外线(UV)线形成的影响。方法.我们对银河系中一颗弱风星的线消影不稳定性(LDI)进行了流体动力学模拟。随后,我们使用此LDI模型作为输入的短特性辐射转移代码来计算合成紫外线轮廓。结果我们发现,线驱动的弱风是显着的冲击加热到高温,是无法有效地冷却。这导致了一个复杂的温度结构,其中超过一半的风量的温度显着高于恒星的有效温度。因此,弱风的相当大一部分将被更多地电离,导致紫外线不透明度的降低,因此在给定的质量损失率下,紫外线轮廓较弱。量化这一点,我们发现,弱风的质量损失率来自不饱和紫外线可以被低估的因素之间的10和100,如果高温气体没有适当地考虑到光谱分析。这为弱风问题提供了一个初步的基本解释:线驱动的弱风并不比理论上预期的弱,而是它们的大部分风量比恒星的有效温度要热得多。

英文摘要:

Context. Radiation-driven mass loss is key to our understanding of massive-star evolution. However, for low-luminosity O-type stars there are big discrepancies between theoretically predicted and empirically derived mass-loss rates (called the weak-wind problem). Aims. We compute radiation-line-driven wind models of a typical weak-wind star to determine its temperature structure and the corresponding impact on ultra-violet (UV) line formation. Methods. We carried out hydrodynamic simulations of the line-deshadowing instability (LDI) for a weak-wind star in the Galaxy. Subsequently, we used this LDI model as input in a short-characteristics radiative transfer code to compute synthetic UV line profiles. Results. We find that the line-driven weak wind is significantly shock heated to high temperatures and is unable to cool down effciently. This results in a complex temperature structure where more than half of the wind volume has temperatures significantly higher than the stellar effective temperature. Therefore, a substantial portion of the weak wind will be more ionised, resulting in a reduction of the UV line opacity and therefore in weaker line profiles for a given mass-loss rate. Quantifying this, we find that weak-wind mass-loss rates derived from unsaturated UV lines could be underestimated by a factor of between 10 and 100 if the high-temperature gas is not properly taken into account in the spectroscopic analysis. This offers a tentative basic explanation for the weak-wind problem: line-driven weak winds are not really weaker than theoretically expected, but rather a large portion of their wind volume is much hotter than the stellar effective temperature.

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