侵蚀作用下滑坡活动性的机理
The Mechanics of Landslide Mobility with Erosion
摘要：
侵蚀作为滑坡动力学的关键控制因素，通过迅速放大其体积、流动性和冲击能量而显著增加破坏力。流动性与侵蚀性滑坡造成的威胁直接相关。目前还没有明确的力学条件，何时，如何以及有多少能量的侵蚀性滑坡的增益或损失，从而导致增强或减少的流动性。我们开创了一个机械模型的能量预算的侵蚀性滑坡，控制其流动性。一个全新的认识是，由于质量增加而增加的惯性与卷吸速度有关。由此可以确定侵蚀性滑坡的真实惯性，为正确判定侵蚀性滑坡的活动性提供了突破。侵蚀速度的大小决定着滑坡的能量收支，决定着滑坡活动性的增强或减弱。这提供了有史以来第一次明确的机械量化的状态侵蚀的能量和流动性的精确描述。这解决了长期存在的问题，为什么许多侵蚀性山体滑坡产生较高的流动性，而其他减少流动性。通过引入侵蚀速度、卷吸速度和能量速度三个关键概念，论证了侵蚀和卷吸是本质上不同的过程。如果侵蚀速度大于卷吸速度，滑坡将获得能量并增强流动性。我们引入了两个无量纲的数字，流动性标度和侵蚀数，提供明确的流动性措施。建立了滑坡推进机制，为滑坡提供侵蚀推力。分析得到的速度表明，侵蚀控制滑坡动力学。我们还提出了一套完整的保守形式的动力学方程，其中正确地包括侵蚀引起的净动量生产。
英文摘要：
Erosion, as a key control of landslide dynamics, significantly increases the destructive power by rapidly amplifying its volume, mobility and impact energy. Mobility is directly linked to the threat posed by an erosive landslide. No clear-cut mechanical condition has been presented so far for when, how and how much energy the erosive landslide gains or loses, resulting in enhanced or reduced mobility. We pioneer a mechanical model for the energy budget of an erosive landslide that controls its mobility. A fundamentally new understanding is that the increased inertia due to the increased mass is related to an entrainment velocity. With this, the true inertia of an erosive landslide can be ascertained, making a breakthrough in correctly determining the mobility of the erosive landslide. Outstandingly, erosion velocity regulates the energy budget and decides whether the landslide mobility will be enhanced or reduced. This provides the first-ever explicit mechanical quantification of the state of erosional energy and a precise description of mobility. This addresses the long-standing question of why many erosive landslides generate higher mobility, while others reduce mobility. By introducing three key concepts: erosion-velocity, entrainment-velocity and energy-velocity, we demonstrate that erosion and entrainment are essentially different processes. Landslides gain energy and enhance mobility if the erosion velocity is greater than the entrainment velocity. We introduce two dimensionless numbers, mobility scaling and erosion number, delivering explicit measure of mobility. We establish a mechanism of landslide-propulsion providing the erosion-thrust to the landslide. Analytically obtained velocity indicates that erosion controls the landslide dynamics. We also present a full set of dynamical equations in conservative form which correctly includes the erosion induced net momentum production.
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