特斯拉的射流二极管和电液类比
Tesla's fluidic diode and the electronic-hydraulic analogy
摘要：
对于学生和研究人员来说，类比推理在物理学中是强大的，一个恰当的例子是电子学和水力学作为电流和流体流动的类比研究。大约100年前，尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）提出了一种流量控制装置，其操作类似于电子二极管，允许流体在一个方向上轻松通过，但在相反方向上提供高阻力。在这里，我们使用特斯拉二极管的实验测试来说明电子液压类比的原理。我们设计并构建了一个压差室（类似于电池），用于测量流速（电流），从而测量给定管道或通道（电路元件）的电阻。我们的研究结果证明了特斯拉装置的有效性，其各向异性阻力来自于其与高惯性流相互作用的非对称内部几何形状，如由雷诺数（这里，Re ~ 1 e3）量化的。通过新的射流二极管的设计和测试，我们探讨了在流体力学的模拟和形状优化的挑战的局限性。我们还提供可纳入流体动力学课程，实验室模块和进一步研究项目的课程计划的材料。
英文摘要：
Reasoning by analogy is powerful in physics for students and researchers alike, a case in point being electronics and hydraulics as analogous studies of electric currents and fluid flows. Around 100 years ago, Nikola Tesla proposed a flow control device intended to operate similarly to an electronic diode, allowing fluid to pass easily in one direction but providing high resistance in reverse. Here we use experimental tests of Tesla's diode to illustrate principles of the electronic-hydraulic analogy. We design and construct a differential pressure chamber (akin to a battery) that is used to measure flow rate (current) and thus resistance of a given pipe or channel (circuit element). Our results prove the validity of Tesla's device, whose anisotropic resistance derives from its asymmetric internal geometry interacting with high-inertia flows, as quantified by the Reynolds number (here, Re ~ 1e3). Through the design and testing of new fluidic diodes, we explore the limitations of the analogy and the challenges of shape optimization in fluid mechanics. We also provide materials that may be incorporated into lesson plans for fluid dynamics courses, laboratory modules and further research projects.
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