根据傅立叶定律设计非线性热器件和超材料：非线性热学的途径
Designing nonlinear thermal devices and metamaterials under the Fourier's law: A route to nonlinear thermotics
摘要：
利用非线性传热可以揭示新的传热现象，从而提高人们随意操纵热流的能力。然而，至今还没有一门像光学、声学中的非线性热学那样成熟的学科来系统地总结这方面的研究。在本文中，我们重点介绍了非线性传热的一个重要部分，即，根据傅立叶定律定制非线性热器件和超材料，特别是热导率随温度变化的材料。我们将介绍基本的设计技术，包括直接求解方程和变换理论。对多物理场效应引起的非线性的调谐，以及如何利用有效介质理论计算非线性导电复合材料的有效性质进行了讨论。基于这些理论，研究人员成功地设计了各种功能材料和器件，如热二极管，热晶体管，热存储元件，无能量恒温器和智能热材料，其中一些也在实验中实现。这些唯象工作为非线性热学的发展提供了一条可行的途径。
英文摘要：
Nonlinear heat transfer can be exploited to reveal novel transport phenomena and thus enhance peo-ple's ability to manipulate heat flux at will. However, there hasn't been a mature discipline called nonlinear thermotics like its counterpart in optics or acoustics to make a systematic summary of rele-vant researches. In the current review, we focus on recent progress in an important part of nonlinear heat transfer, i.e., tailoring nonlinear thermal devices and metamaterials under the Fourier's law, especially with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities. We will present the basic designing techniques including solving the equation directly and the transformation theory. Tuning nonlinearity coming from multi-physical effects, and how to calculate effective properties of nonlinear conductive composites using the effective medium theory are also included. Based on these theories, researchers have successfully designed various functional materials and devices such as the thermal diodes, thermal transistors, thermal memory elements, energy-free thermostats, and intelligent thermal materials, and some of them have also been realized in experiments. Further, these phenomenological works can provide a feasible route for the development of nonlinear thermotics.
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