The predictive learning of spatiotemporal sequences aims to generate future images by learning from the historical context, where the visual dynamics are believed to have modular structures that can be learned with compositional subsystems. This paper models these structures by presenting PredRNN, a new recurrent network, in which a pair of memory cells are explicitly decoupled, operate in nearly independent transition manners, and finally form unified representations of the complex environment. Concretely, besides the original memory cell of LSTM, this network is featured by a zigzag memory flow that propagates in both bottom-up and top-down directions across all layers, enabling the learned visual dynamics at different levels of RNNs to communicate. It also leverages a memory decoupling loss to keep the memory cells from learning redundant features. We further propose a new curriculum learning strategy to force PredRNN to learn long-term dynamics from context frames, which can be generalized to most sequence-to-sequence models. We provide detailed ablation studies to verify the effectiveness of each component. Our approach is shown to obtain highly competitive results on five datasets for both action-free and action-conditioned predictive learning scenarios.
We present PredRNN++, an improved recurrent network for video predictive learning. In pursuit of a greater spatiotemporal modeling capability, our approach increases the transition depth between adjacent states by leveraging a novel recurrent unit, which is named Causal LSTM for re-organizing the spatial and temporal memories in a cascaded mechanism. However, there is still a dilemma in video predictive learning: increasingly deep-in-time models have been designed for capturing complex variations, while introducing more difficulties in the gradient back-propagation. To alleviate this undesirab…
Predicting large-scale transportation network traffic has become an important and challenging topic in recent decades. Inspired by the domain knowledge of motion prediction, in which the future motion of an object can be predicted based on previous scenes, we propose a network grid representation method that can retain the fine-scale structure of a transportation network. Network-wide traffic speeds are converted into a series of static images and input into a novel deep architecture, namely, spatiotemporal recurrent convolutional networks (SRCNs), for traffic forecasting. The proposed SRCNs i…
This paper introduces CloudLSTM, a new branch of recurrent neural models tailored to forecasting over data streams generated by geospatial point-cloud sources. We design a Dynamic Point-cloud Convolution (DConv) operator as the core component of CloudLSTMs, which performs convolution directly over point-clouds and extracts local spatial features from sets of neighboring points that surround different elements of the input. This operator maintains the permutation invariance of sequence-to-sequence learning frameworks, while representing neighboring correlations at each time step -- an important…
Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science（吉娜·科迪工程与计算机科学学院）；Concordia University（康考迪亚大学）
In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) combined with variants of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have reached state-of-the-art performance in spatiotemporal forecasting tasks. This is particularly the case for traffic forecasting, where GNN models use the graph structure of road networks to account for spatial correlation between links and nodes. Recent solutions are either based on complex graph operations or avoiding predefined graphs. This paper proposes a new sequence-to-sequence architecture to extract the spatiotemporal correlation at multiple levels of abstraction using GNN-RNN …
KAIST（韩国科学技术院）；Koh Young Technology, Inc.（高永科技股份有限公司）
Surface mount technology (SMT) is a process for producing printed circuit boards. Solder paste printer (SPP), package mounter, and solder reflow oven are used for SMT. The board on which the solder paste is deposited from the SPP is monitored by solder paste inspector (SPI). If SPP malfunctions due to the printer defects, the SPP produces defective products, and then abnormal patterns are detected by SPI. In this paper, we propose a convolutional recurrent reconstructive network (CRRN), which decomposes the anomaly patterns generated by the printer defects, from SPI data. CRRN learns only norm…
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss（瑞士联邦气象与气候局）
This paper presents the neural network model that was used by the author in the Weather4cast 2021 Challenge Stage 1, where the objective was to predict the time evolution of satellite-based weather data images. The network is based on an encoder-forecaster architecture making use of gated recurrent units (GRU), residual blocks and a contracting/expanding architecture with shortcuts similar to U-Net. A GRU variant utilizing residual blocks in place of convolutions is also introduced. Example predictions and evaluation metrics for the model are presented. These demonstrate that the model can ret…
Image segmentation with traveling waves in an exactly solvable recurrent neural network
Western University（韦仕敦大学）；Western Institute for Neuroscience（韦仕敦神经科学研究所）；Western Academy for Advanced Research（韦仕敦高等研究院）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
The outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have impacted the world significantly. Modeling the trend of infection and real-time forecasting of cases can help decision making and control of the disease spread. However, data-driven methods such as recurrent neural networks (RNN) can perform poorly due to limited daily samples in time. In this work, we develop an integrated spatiotemporal model based on the epidemic differential equations (SIR) and RNN. The former after simplification and discretization is a compact model of temporal infection trend of a region while the latter models t…
PARCv2: Physics-aware Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Dynamics Modeling
School of Data Science（数据科学学院）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Department of Astronomy（天文学系）；Department of Mechanical Engineering（机械工程系）；University of Iowa（爱荷华大学）；School of Mechanical Engineering（机械工程学院）；Kyungpook National University（庆北国立大学）；Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering（机械与航空航天工程系）
The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Central European University（中欧大学）；Obuda University（欧布达大学）；Corvinus University of Budapest（布达佩斯考文纽斯大学）
Recurrent graph convolutional neural networks are highly effective machine learning techniques for spatiotemporal signal processing. Newly proposed graph neural network architectures are repetitively evaluated on standard tasks such as traffic or weather forecasting. In this paper, we propose the Chickenpox Cases in Hungary dataset as a new dataset for comparing graph neural network architectures. Our time series analysis and forecasting experiments demonstrate that the Chickenpox Cases in Hungary dataset is adequate for comparing the predictive performance and forecasting capabilities of nove…
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
We examine the efficiency of Recurrent Neural Networks in forecasting the spatiotemporal dynamics of high dimensional and reduced order complex systems using Reservoir Computing (RC) and Backpropagation through time (BPTT) for gated network architectures. We highlight advantages and limitations of each method and discuss their implementation for parallel computing architectures. We quantify the relative prediction accuracy of these algorithms for the longterm forecasting of chaotic systems using as benchmarks the Lorenz-96 and the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equations. We find that, when the ful…
A common difficulty in applications of machine learning is the lack of any general principle for guiding the choices of key parameters of the underlying neural network. Focusing on a class of recurrent neural networks - reservoir computing systems that have recently been exploited for model-free prediction of nonlinear dynamical systems, we uncover a surprising phenomenon: the emergence of an interval in the spectral radius of the neural network in which the prediction error is minimized. In a three-dimensional representation of the error versus time and spectral radius, the interval correspon…
Natural spatiotemporal processes can be highly non-stationary in many ways, e.g. the low-level non-stationarity such as spatial correlations or temporal dependencies of local pixel values; and the high-level variations such as the accumulation, deformation or dissipation of radar echoes in precipitation forecasting. From Cramer's Decomposition, any non-stationary process can be decomposed into deterministic, time-variant polynomials, plus a zero-mean stochastic term. By applying differencing operations appropriately, we may turn time-variant polynomials into a constant, making the deterministi…
BNRist, Tsinghua University（清华大学BNRist）；AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学AI研究院）
Learning predictive models for unlabeled spatiotemporal data is challenging in part because visual dynamics can be highly entangled in real scenes, making existing approaches prone to overfit partial modes of physical processes while neglecting to reason about others. We name this phenomenon spatiotemporal mode collapse and explore it for the first time in predictive learning. The key is to provide the model with a strong inductive bias to discover the compositional structures of latent modes. To this end, we propose ModeRNN, which introduces a novel method to learn structured hidden represent…
Through advancement of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network, road safety, energy consumption, and traffic efficiency can be significantly improved. An accurate vehicle trajectory prediction benefits communication traffic management and network resource allocation for the real-time application of the V2X network. Recurrent neural networks and their variants have been reported in recent research to predict vehicle mobility. However, the spatial attribute of vehicle movement behavior has been overlooked, resulting in incomplete information utilization. To bridge this gap, we put forward for th…
École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec（魁北克大学高等技术学院）
Facial expressions are one of the most powerful ways for depicting specific patterns in human behavior and describing human emotional state. Despite the impressive advances of affective computing over the last decade, automatic video-based systems for facial expression recognition still cannot handle properly variations in facial expression among individuals as well as cross-cultural and demographic aspects. Nevertheless, recognizing facial expressions is a difficult task even for humans. In this paper, we investigate the suitability of state-of-the-art deep learning architectures based on con…
Adaptive AI Research Group, University of Lübeck, Germany（适应性人工智能研究组，吕贝克大学）；Neuro-Cognitive Modeling Group, University of Tübingen, Germany（神经认知建模组，图宾根大学）
G-PARC: Graph-Physics Aware Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Dynamics on Unstructured Meshes
School of Data Science, University of Virginia（数据科学学院，弗吉尼亚大学）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia（工程系统与环境系，弗吉尼亚大学）；Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia（机械与航空航天工程系，弗吉尼亚大学）；University of Iowa（爱荷华大学）
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering（电气与计算机工程系）；Department of Applied Mathematics（应用数学系）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Seattle, WA 98195（西雅图, WA 98195（注意：地址信息按要求不应提取，此处仅为示例说明））
Encoder-decoder recurrent neural network models (RNN Seq2Seq) have achieved great success in ubiquitous areas of computation and applications. It was shown to be successful in modeling data with both temporal and spatial dependencies for translation or prediction tasks. In this study, we propose an embedding approach to visualize and interpret the representation of data by these models. Furthermore, we show that the embedding is an effective method for unsupervised learning and can be utilized to estimate the optimality of model training. In particular, we demonstrate that embedding space proj…
Northeastern University（东北大学）；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；MIT（麻省理工学院）
Partial differential equations (PDEs) play a fundamental role in modeling and simulating problems across a wide range of disciplines. Recent advances in deep learning have shown the great potential of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to solve PDEs as a basis for data-driven modeling and inverse analysis. However, the majority of existing PINN methods, based on fully-connected NNs, pose intrinsic limitations to low-dimensional spatiotemporal parameterizations. Moreover, since the initial/boundary conditions (I/BCs) are softly imposed via penalty, the solution quality heavily relies on h…
Reservoir computing is a recently introduced machine learning paradigm that has been shown to be well-suited for the processing of spatiotemporal data. Rather than training the network node connections and weights via backpropagation in traditional recurrent neural networks, reservoirs instead have fixed connections and weights among the `hidden layer' nodes, and traditionally only the weights to the output layer of neurons are trained using linear regression. We claim that for signal classification tasks one may forgo the weight training step entirely and instead use a simple supervised clust…
Accurate and timely air quality and weather predictions are of great importance to urban governance and human livelihood. Though many efforts have been made for air quality or weather prediction, most of them simply employ one another as feature input, which ignores the inner-connection between two predictive tasks. On the one hand, the accurate prediction of one task can help improve another task's performance. On the other hand, geospatially distributed air quality and weather monitoring stations provide additional hints for city-wide spatiotemporal dependency modeling. Inspired by the above…
Laboratory of Biological Modeling, NIDDK/NIH（美国国立糖尿病、消化系统疾病和肾病研究所（NIDDK）/美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）生物建模实验室）
Spiking activity of neurons engaged in learning and performing a task show complex spatiotemporal dynamics. While the output of recurrent network models can learn to perform various tasks, the possible range of recurrent dynamics that emerge after learning remains unknown. Here we show that modifying the recurrent connectivity with a recursive least squares algorithm provides sufficient flexibility for synaptic and spiking rate dynamics of spiking networks to produce a wide range of spatiotemporal activity. We apply the training method to learn arbitrary firing patterns, stabilize irregular sp…
A Temporally Disentangled Contrastive Diffusion Model for Spatiotemporal Imputation
School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学计算机科学学院）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University（浙江师范大学计算机科学与技术学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego（加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校计算机科学与工程学院）
Recently, three dimensional (3D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as dominant methods to capture spatiotemporal representations in videos, by adding to pre-existing 2D CNNs a third, temporal dimension. Such 3D CNNs, however, are anti-causal (i.e., they exploit information from both the past and the future frames to produce feature representations, thus preventing their use in online settings), constrain the temporal reasoning horizon to the size of the temporal convolution kernel, and are not temporal resolution-preserving for video sequence-to-sequence modelling, as, for inst…
Central South University（中南大学）；Hisense TransTech Co., Ltd.（海信网络科技股份有限公司）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
Traffic forecasting is a fundamental and challenging task in the field of intelligent transportation. Accurate forecasting not only depends on the historical traffic flow information but also needs to consider the influence of a variety of external factors, such as weather conditions and surrounding POI distribution. Recently, spatiotemporal models integrating graph convolutional networks and recurrent neural networks have become traffic forecasting research hotspots and have made significant progress. However, few works integrate external factors. Therefore, based on the assumption that intro…
Federated Dynamic Modeling and Learning for Spatiotemporal Data Forecasting
COSYS-GRETTIA, Gustave Eiffel University, 77420 France（COSYS-GRETTIA，巴黎-伊夫林大学）；ENTPE, University of Lyon（ENTPE，里昂大学）；the LICIT-ECO7 University Gustave Eiffel, France（LICIT-ECO7 巴黎-伊夫林大学）
School of Software, BNRist, Research Center for Big Data, Tsinghua University（清华大学软件学院、北京智源人工智能研究院、大数据研究中心）
This paper explores a new research problem of unsupervised transfer learning across multiple spatiotemporal prediction tasks. Unlike most existing transfer learning methods that focus on fixing the discrepancy between supervised tasks, we study how to transfer knowledge from a zoo of unsupervisedly learned models towards another predictive network. Our motivation is that models from different sources are expected to understand the complex spatiotemporal dynamics from different perspectives, thereby effectively supplementing the new task, even if the task has sufficient training samples. Techni…
Deconstructing Recurrence, Attention, and Gating: Investigating the transferability of Transformers and Gated Recurrent Neural Networks in forecasting of dynamical systems
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University（哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院）；Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院结构工程研究所）
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Amazon Web Services（亚马逊网络服务）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
We propose a new network architecture, Gated Attention Networks (GaAN), for learning on graphs. Unlike the traditional multi-head attention mechanism, which equally consumes all attention heads, GaAN uses a convolutional sub-network to control each attention head's importance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of GaAN on the inductive node classification problem. Moreover, with GaAN as a building block, we construct the Graph Gated Recurrent Unit (GGRU) to address the traffic speed forecasting problem. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets show that our GaAN framework achieves stat…
Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi（得克萨斯农工大学科珀斯克里斯蒂分校）；Clarkson University（克拉克森大学）
Classical methods of solving spatiotemporal dynamical systems include statistical approaches such as autoregressive integrated moving average, which assume linear and stationary relationships between systems' previous outputs. Development and implementation of linear methods are relatively simple, but they often do not capture non-linear relationships in the data. Thus, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are receiving attention from researchers in analyzing and forecasting dynamical systems. Recurrent neural networks (RNN), derived from feed-forward ANNs, use internal memory to process variable…
Evaluation of Key Spatiotemporal Learners for Print Track Anomaly Classification Using Melt Pool Image Streams
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；National Research Council Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）；Braintoy AI；Apollo Machine & Welding Ltd（阿波罗机器焊接有限公司）；Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT（弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所ILT）；BCT GmbH（BCT有限公司）
Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）
Deep-learning-based data-driven forecasting methods have produced impressive results for traffic forecasting. A major limitation of these methods, however, is that they provide forecasts without estimates of uncertainty, which are critical for real-time deployments. We focus on a diffusion convolutional recurrent neural network (DCRNN), a state-of-the-art method for short-term traffic forecasting. We develop a scalable deep ensemble approach to quantify uncertainties for DCRNN. Our approach uses a scalable Bayesian optimization method to perform hyperparameter optimization, selects a set of hi…
University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；University of Louisiana at Lafayette（路易斯安那大学拉法叶分校）
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a robust recurrent neural network architecture for learning spatiotemporal sequential data. However, it requires significant computational power for learning and implementing from both software and hardware aspects. This paper proposes a novel LiteLSTM architecture based on reducing the computation components of the LSTM using the weights sharing concept to reduce the overall architecture cost and maintain the architecture performance. The proposed LiteLSTM can be significant for learning big data where time-consumption is crucial such as the security of IoT de…
University of Florence（佛罗伦萨大学）；University of Siena（锡耶纳大学）
This paper proposes an in-depth re-thinking of neural computation that parallels apparently unrelated laws of physics, that are formulated in the variational framework of the least action principle. The theory holds for neural networks that are also based on any digraph, and the resulting computational scheme exhibits the intriguing property of being truly biologically plausible. The scheme, which is referred to as SpatioTemporal Local Propagation (STLP), is local in both space and time. Space locality comes from the expression of the network connections by an appropriate Lagrangian term, so a…
Short-term demand forecasting models commonly combine convolutional and recurrent layers to extract complex spatiotemporal patterns in data. Long-term histories are also used to consider periodicity and seasonality patterns as time series data. In this study, we propose an efficient architecture, Temporal-Guided Network (TGNet), which utilizes graph networks and temporal-guided embedding. Graph networks extract invariant features to permutations of adjacent regions instead of convolutional layers. Temporal-guided embedding explicitly learns temporal contexts from training data and is substitut…
Autonomous cars need continuously updated depth information. Thus far, depth is mostly estimated independently for a single frame at a time, even if the method starts from video input. Our method produces a time series of depth maps, which makes it an ideal candidate for online learning approaches. In particular, we put three different types of depth estimation (supervised depth prediction, self-supervised depth prediction, and self-supervised depth completion) into a common framework. We integrate the corresponding networks with a ConvLSTM such that the spatiotemporal structures of depth acro…
Applying machine learning models to meteorological data brings many opportunities to the Geosciences field, such as predicting future weather conditions more accurately. In recent years, modeling meteorological data with deep neural networks has become a relevant area of investigation. These works apply either recurrent neural networks (RNN) or some hybrid approach mixing RNN and convolutional neural networks (CNN). In this work, we propose STConvS2S (Spatiotemporal Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Network), a deep learning architecture built for learning both spatial and temporal data depen…
The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）
Missing data is an inevitable and ubiquitous problem for traffic data collection in intelligent transportation systems. Despite extensive research regarding traffic data imputation, there still exist two limitations to be addressed: first, existing approaches fail to capture the complex spatiotemporal dependencies in traffic data, especially the dynamic spatial dependencies evolving with time; second, prior studies mainly focus on randomly missing patterns while other more complex missing scenarios are less discussed. To fill these research gaps, we propose a novel deep learning framework call…
The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；Lyft Inc.（Lyft公司）
Road construction projects maintain transportation infrastructures. These projects range from the short-term (e.g., resurfacing or fixing potholes) to the long-term (e.g., adding a shoulder or building a bridge). Deciding what the next construction project is and when it is to be scheduled is traditionally done through inspection by humans using special equipment. This approach is costly and difficult to scale. An alternative is the use of computational approaches that integrate and analyze multiple types of past and present spatiotemporal data to predict location and time of future road const…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
Spatiotemporal forecasting has various applications in neuroscience, climate and transportation domain. Traffic forecasting is one canonical example of such learning task. The task is challenging due to (1) complex spatial dependency on road networks, (2) non-linear temporal dynamics with changing road conditions and (3) inherent difficulty of long-term forecasting. To address these challenges, we propose to model the traffic flow as a diffusion process on a directed graph and introduce Diffusion Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (DCRNN), a deep learning framework for traffic forecasting …
UiT the Arctic University of Norway（挪威北极圈大学）；NORCE Norwegian Research Centre（挪威研究中心NORCE）；Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）
Neural forecasting of spatiotemporal time series drives both research and industrial innovation in several relevant application domains. Graph neural networks (GNNs) are often the core component of the forecasting architecture. However, in most spatiotemporal GNNs, the computational complexity scales up to a quadratic factor with the length of the sequence times the number of links in the graph, hence hindering the application of these models to large graphs and long temporal sequences. While methods to improve scalability have been proposed in the context of static graphs, few research effort…
