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arXiv 2103.08576cs.CR
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具有不确定渠道余额的闪电网络支付的安全性和隐私性

Security and Privacy of Lightning Network Payments with Uncertain Channel Balances

Rene Pickhardt, Sergei Tikhomirov, Alex Biryukov, Mariusz Nowostawski

摘要:

闪电网络(LN)是一个著名的支付渠道网络,旨在解决比特币的可扩展性问题。由于渠道余额的隐私性,银行无法可靠地选择足够流动的支付路径,并采取试错法,尝试多条路径,直到其中一条成功。这会泄露私人信息并降低支付可靠性,从而损害用户体验。这项工作的重点是LN支付的可靠性和隐私性。我们创建一个概率模型的支付过程中的LN,占渠道余额的不确定性。这使我们能够表示给定支付金额和路径的支付成功概率,并将负伯努利试验应用于单部分和多部分支付,使我们能够计算给定金额、发送者和接收者的预期支付尝试次数。因此,我们分析得出的最佳数量的部分,其中一个应该分割付款,以尽量减少预期的尝试次数。这种方法使我们能够定义服务水平目标,并量化有多少私人信息泄露给发件人作为支付尝试的副作用。我们提出了一个优化的路径选择算法,不需要一个协议升级。也就是说,我们建议节点在进行支付尝试时优先考虑最有可能成功的路径。基于真实世界LN拓扑的仿真表明,与实际使用的基线算法相比,该方法将支付尝试的平均次数减少了20%。如果LN协议被升级以实现BOLT 14中描述的信道再平衡提议,则该改进将增加到48%。

英文摘要:

The Lightning Network (LN) is a prominent payment channel network aimed at addressing Bitcoin's scalability issues. Due to the privacy of channel balances, senders cannot reliably choose sufficiently liquid payment paths and resort to a trial-and-error approach, trying multiple paths until one succeeds. This leaks private information and decreases payment reliability, which harms the user experience. This work focuses on the reliability and privacy of LN payments. We create a probabilistic model of the payment process in the LN, accounting for the uncertainty of the channel balances. This enables us to express payment success probabilities for a given payment amount and a path. Applying negative Bernoulli trials for single- and multi-part payments allows us to compute the expected number of payment attempts for a given amount, sender, and receiver. As a consequence, we analytically derive the optimal number of parts into which one should split a payment to minimize the expected number of attempts. This methodology allows us to define service level objectives and quantify how much private information leaks to the sender as a side effect of payment attempts. We propose an optimized path selection algorithm that does not require a protocol upgrade. Namely, we suggest that nodes prioritize paths that are most likely to succeed while making payment attempts. A simulation based on the real-world LN topology shows that this method reduces the average number of payment attempts by 20% compared to a baseline algorithm similar to the ones used in practice. This improvement will increase to 48% if the LN protocol is upgraded to implement the channel rebalancing proposal described in BOLT14.

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