液液相分离、生物分子凝聚体、斑点、非化学计量的超分子组装体、无膜细胞器和细菌趋化性被最好地理解为具有开关样行为的涌现现象
Liquid-liquid phase separation, biomolecular condensates, puncta, non-stoichiometric supramolecular assemblies, membraneless organelles, and bacterial chemotaxis are best understood as emergent phenomena with switch-like behaviour
摘要：
液液相分离（LLPS）是目前细胞生物学领域的一个热点。LLPS是所谓涌现现象的一个例子--这是一个来自凝聚态物理学的想法。涌现现象具有开关式反应的特征。我表明，希尔方程的生物化学可以作为一个简单的模型，强烈的合作，开关，行为。一个结果是开关样反应需要相对较少的分子，即使是十个也会产生强烈的开关样反应。因此，如果由LLPS实现的生物功能依赖于LLPS来提供对刺激的开关样响应，则不需要足够大以在光学显微镜中可见的冷凝物。
英文摘要：
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is currently of great interest in cell biology. LLPS is an example of what is called an emergent phenomenon -- an idea that comes from condensed-matter physics. Emergent phenomena have the characteristic feature of having a switch-like response. I show that the Hill equation of biochemistry can be used as a simple model of strongly cooperative, switch-like, behaviour. One result is that a switch-like response requires relatively few molecules, even ten gives a strongly switch-like response. Thus if a biological function enabled by LLPS relies on LLPS to provide a switch-like response to a stimulus, then condensates large enough to be visible in optical microscopy are not needed.
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