曼哈顿计划中快25和快49金属和氢化物系统的临界实验
Criticality Experiments with Fast 25 and 49 Metal and Hydride Systems During the Manhattan Project
摘要：
在曼哈顿计划期间进行了$^{235}$ U（金属和氢化物）和$^{239}$ Pu（金属）的临界实验。这些实验的结果为曼哈顿计划的成功提供了必要的信息。这些实验之前在曼哈顿计划之后的汇编中有所描述，但这些作品要么缺乏技术细节，要么没有公开。这项工作旨在提供详细的信息，同时展示这些实验在进行75年后的持久影响。此外，我们使用MCNP 6代码和ENDF数据中体现的现代计算方法来分析和解释这些历史测量。还讨论了世界上前四次临界事故，从这些事故中吸取的教训有助于形成临界实验领域。
英文摘要：
Criticality experiments with $^{235}$U (metal and hydride) and $^{239}$Pu (metal) were performed during the Manhattan Project. Results from these experiments provided necessary information for the success of the Manhattan Project. These experiments have been previously described in compilations made after the Manhattan Project, but those works are either lacking in technical details or are not publicly available. This work aims to provide detailed information while showcasing the enduring impact of these experiments 75 years after they were performed. Furthermore, we use modern computational methods embodied in the MCNP6 code and ENDF data to analyze and interpret these historic measurements. The world's first four criticality accidents are also discussed, as lessons learned from these helped shape the field of criticality experiments.
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