Advances in Inference and Representation for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems（信息与决策系统实验室）；Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（计算机科学与人工智能实验室）
David M. Rosen, Kevin J. Doherty, Antonio Teran Espinoza, John J. Leonard
备注：
30 pages, 4 figures. To appear in Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 2021
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is the process of constructing a global model of an environment from local observations of it; this is a foundational capability for mobile robots, supporting such core functions as planning, navigation, and control. This article reviews recent progress in SLAM, focusing on advances in the expressive capacity of the environmental models used in SLAM systems (representation) and the performance of the algorithms used to estimate these models from data (inference). A prominent theme of recent SLAM research is the pursuit of environmental representations (including learned representations) that go beyond the classical attributes of geometry and appearance to model properties such as hierarchical organization, affordance, dynamics, and semantics; these advances equip autonomous agents with a more comprehensive understanding of the world, enabling more versatile and intelligent operation. A second major theme is a revitalized interest in the mathematical properties of the SLAM estimation problem itself (including its computational and information-theoretic performance limits); this work has led to the development of novel classes of certifiable and robust inference methods that dramatically improve the reliability of SLAM systems in real-world operation. We survey these advances with an emphasis on their ramifications for achieving robust, long-duration autonomy, and conclude with a discussion of open challenges and a perspective on future research directions.
In this paper, we will demonstrate how Manhattan structure can be exploited to transform the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problem, which is typically solved by a nonlinear optimization over feature positions, into a model selection problem solved by a convex optimization over higher order layout structures, namely walls, floors, and ceilings. Furthermore, we show how our novel formulation leads to an optimization procedure that automatically performs data association and loop closure and which ultimately produces the simplest model of the environment that is consistent with the…
We present an unsupervised simultaneous learning framework for the task of monocular camera re-localization and depth estimation from unlabeled video sequences. Monocular camera re-localization refers to the task of estimating the absolute camera pose from an instance image in a known environment, which has been intensively studied for alternative localization in GPS-denied environments. In recent works, camera re-localization methods are trained via supervised learning from pairs of camera images and camera poses. In contrast to previous works, we propose a completely unsupervised learning fr…
We present an unsupervised framework for simultaneous appearance-based object discovery, detection, tracking and reconstruction using RGBD cameras and a robot manipulator. The system performs dense 3D simultaneous localization and mapping concurrently with unsupervised object discovery. Putative objects that are spatially and visually coherent are manipulated by the robot to gain additional motion-cues. The robot uses appearance alone, followed by structure and motion cues, to jointly discover, verify, learn and improve models of objects. Induced motion segmentation reinforces learned models w…
Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学）
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) plays an important role in outdoor and indoor applications ranging from autonomous driving to indoor robotics. Outdoor SLAM has been widely used with the assistance of LiDAR or GPS. For indoor applications, the LiDAR technique does not satisfy the accuracy requirement and the GPS signals will be lost. An accurate and efficient scene sensing technique is required for indoor SLAM. As the most promising 3D sensing technique, the opportunities for indoor SLAM with fringe projection profilometry (FPP) systems are obvious, but methods to date have not ful…
We present SGoLAM, short for simultaneous goal localization and mapping, which is a simple and efficient algorithm for Multi-Object Goal navigation. Given an agent equipped with an RGB-D camera and a GPS/Compass sensor, our objective is to have the agent navigate to a sequence of target objects in realistic 3D environments. Our pipeline fully leverages the strength of classical approaches for visual navigation, by decomposing the problem into two key components: mapping and goal localization. The mapping module converts the depth observations into an occupancy map, and the goal localization mo…
Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学系统科学研究所）
In this paper, we propose an novel implementation of a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system based on a monocular camera from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using Depth prediction performed with Capsule Networks (CapsNet), which possess improvements over the drawbacks of the more widely-used Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). An Extended Kalman Filter will assist in estimating the position of the UAV so that we are able to update the belief for the environment. Results will be evaluated on a benchmark dataset to portray the accuracy of our intended approach.
This paper presents the development of a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) based Autonomous Navigation system. The motivation for this study was to find a solution for navigating interior spaces autonomously. Interior navigation is challenging as it can be forever evolving. Solving this issue is necessary for multitude of services, like cleaning, the health industry, and in manufacturing industries. The focus of this paper is the description of the SLAM-based software architecture developed for this proposed autonomous system. A potential application of this system, oriented to a sm…
This paper reviews vision-based localization methods in GPS-denied environments and classifies the mainstream methods into Relative Vision Localization (RVL) and Absolute Vision Localization (AVL). For RVL, we discuss the broad application of optical flow in feature extraction-based Visual Odometry (VO) solutions and introduce advanced optical flow estimation methods. For AVL, we review recent advances in Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) techniques, from optimization-based methods to Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based methods. We also introduce the application of offline ma…
The Australian Centre of Excellence for Robotic Vision（澳大利亚机器人视觉卓越中心）；The Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）
Accurate estimation of the environment structure simultaneously with the robot pose is a key capability of autonomous robotic vehicles. Classical simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms rely on the static world assumption to formulate the estimation problem, however, the real world has a significant amount of dynamics that can be exploited for a more accurate localization and versatile representation of the environment. In this paper we propose a technique to integrate the motion of dynamic objects into the SLAM estimation problem, without the necessity of estimating the pose o…
Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
Structured Light Illumination (SLI) systems have been used for reliable indoor dense 3D scanning via phase triangulation. However, mobile SLI systems for 360 degree 3D reconstruction demand 3D point cloud registration, involving high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a phase based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (Phase-SLAM) framework for fast and accurate SLI sensor pose estimation and 3D object reconstruction. The novelty of this work is threefold: (1) developing a reprojection model from 3D points to 2D phase data towards phase registration with low computational com…
Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
A novel simultaneous localization and radio mapping (SLARM) framework for communication-aware connected robots in the unknown indoor environment is proposed, where the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm and the global geographic map recovery (GGMR) algorithm are leveraged to simultaneously construct a geographic map and a radio map named a channel power gain map. Specifically, the geographic map contains the information of a precise layout of obstacles and passable regions, and the radio map characterizes the position-dependent maximum expected channel power gain between th…
Polytechnique Montréal（蒙特利尔理工学院）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Desay SV Automotive（德赛西威汽车电子）
Motivated by the tremendous progress we witnessed in recent years, this paper presents a survey of the scientific literature on the topic of Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (C-SLAM), also known as multi-robot SLAM. With fleets of self-driving cars on the horizon and the rise of multi-robot systems in industrial applications, we believe that Collaborative SLAM will soon become a cornerstone of future robotic applications. In this survey, we introduce the basic concepts of C-SLAM and present a thorough literature review. We also outline the major challenges and limitations of…
Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学机器人研究所）
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a fundamental task to mobile and aerial robotics. LiDAR based systems have proven to be superior compared to vision based systems due to its accuracy and robustness. In spite of its superiority, pure LiDAR based systems fail in certain degenerate cases like traveling through a tunnel. We propose Stereo Visual Inertial LiDAR (VIL) SLAM that performs better on these degenerate cases and has comparable performance on all other cases. VIL-SLAM accomplishes this by incorporating tightly-coupled stereo visual inertial odometry (VIO) with LiDAR mapping …
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Zhejiang University of Science and Technology（浙江科技学院）
Most current LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems build maps in point clouds, which are sparse when zoomed in, even though they seem dense to human eyes. Dense maps are essential for robotic applications, such as map-based navigation. Due to the low memory cost, mesh has become an attractive dense model for mapping in recent years. However, existing methods usually produce mesh maps by using an offline post-processing step to generate mesh maps. This two-step pipeline does not allow these methods to use the built mesh maps online and to enable localization and meshing to …
LiDAR is playing a more and more essential role in autonomous driving vehicles for objection detection, self localization and mapping. A single LiDAR frequently suffers from hardware failure (e.g., temporary loss of connection) due to the harsh vehicle environment (e.g., temperature, vibration, etc.), or performance degradation due to the lack of sufficient geometry features, especially for solid-state LiDARs with small field of view (FoV). To improve the system robustness and performance in self-localization and mapping, we develop a decentralized framework for simultaneous calibration, local…
University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
Robots operating in multi-player settings must simultaneously model the environment and the behavior of human or robotic agents who share that environment. This modeling is often approached using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM); however, SLAM algorithms usually neglect multi-player interactions. In contrast, the motion planning literature often uses dynamic game theory to explicitly model noncooperative interactions of multiple agents in a known environment with perfect localization. Here, we present GTP-SLAM, a novel, iterative best response-based SLAM algorithm that accurately p…
This paper implements Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique to construct a map of a given environment. A Real Time Appearance Based Mapping (RTAB-Map) approach was taken for accomplishing this task. Initially, a 2d occupancy grid and 3d octomap was created from a provided simulated environment. Next, a personal simulated environment was created for mapping as well. In this appearance based method, a process called Loop Closure is used to determine whether a robot has seen a location before or not. In this paper, it is seen that RTAB-Map is optimized for large scale and long te…
National Institute of Technology, Raipur（印度国立理工学院赖布尔分校）；Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad（莫蒂拉尔·尼赫鲁国立理工学院阿拉哈巴德分校）；Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad（印度信息技术学院阿拉哈巴德分校）
Cloud Robotics is one of the emerging area of robotics. It has created a lot of attention due to its direct practical implications on Robotics. In Cloud Robotics, the concept of cloud computing is used to offload computational extensive jobs of the robots to the cloud. Apart from this, additional functionalities can also be offered on run to the robots on demand. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is one of the computational intensive algorithm in robotics used by robots for navigation and map building in an unknown environment. Several Cloud based frameworks are proposed specificall…
A Survey on Global LiDAR Localization: Challenges, Advances and Open Problems
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki（塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学）
Environment perception is a crucial ability for robot's interaction into an environment. One of the first steps in this direction is the combined problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). A new method, called G-SLAM, is proposed, where the map is considered as a set of scattered points in the continuous space followed by a probability that states the existence of an obstacle in the subsequent point in space. A probabilistic approach with particle filters for the robot's pose estimation and an adaptive recursive algorithm for the map's probability distribution estimation is prese…
Existing solutions to visual simultaneous localization and mapping (V-SLAM) assume that errors in feature extraction and matching are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d), but this assumption is known to not be true -- features extracted from low-contrast regions of images exhibit wider error distributions than features from sharp corners. Furthermore, V-SLAM algorithms are prone to catastrophic tracking failures when sensed images include challenging conditions such as specular reflections, lens flare, or shadows of dynamic objects. To address such failures, previous work has focus…
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) achieves the purpose of simultaneous positioning and map construction based on self-perception. The paper makes an overview in SLAM including Lidar SLAM, visual SLAM, and their fusion. For Lidar or visual SLAM, the survey illustrates the basic type and product of sensors, open source system in sort and history, deep learning embedded, the challenge and future. Additionally, visual inertial odometry is supplemented. For Lidar and visual fused SLAM, the paper highlights the multi-sensors calibration, the fusion in hardware, data, task layer. The open …
Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；University of Moratuwa（莫拉图瓦大学）
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) has been richly researched in past years particularly with regard to range-based or visual-based sensors. Instead of deploying dedicated devices that use visual features, it is more pragmatic to exploit the radio features to achieve this task, due to their ubiquitous nature and the wide deployment of Wifi wireless network. In this paper, we present a novel approach for crowd-sensing simultaneous localization and radio fingerprint mapping (C-SLAM-RF) in large unknown indoor environments. The proposed system makes use of the received signal strength (…
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is one of the key robotics tasks as it tackles simultaneous mapping of the unknown environment defined by multiple landmark positions and localization of the unknown pose (i.e., attitude and position) of the robot in three-dimensional (3D) space. The true SLAM problem is modeled on the Lie group of $\mathbb{SLAM}_{n}\left(3\right)$, and its true dynamics rely on angular and translational velocities. This paper proposes a novel geometric nonlinear stochastic estimator algorithm for SLAM on $\mathbb{SLAM}_{n}\left(3\right)$ that precisely mimics the n…
We present the first fully distributed multi-robot system for dense metric-semantic Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Our system, dubbed Kimera-Multi, is implemented by a team of robots equipped with visual-inertial sensors, and builds a 3D mesh model of the environment in real-time, where each face of the mesh is annotated with a semantic label (e.g., building, road, objects). In Kimera-Multi, each robot builds a local trajectory estimate and a local mesh using Kimera. Then, when two robots are within communication range, they initiate a distributed place recognition and robust po…
Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division (NAWCAD)（海军空战中心航空分部）；Stevens Institute of Technology（史蒂文斯理工学院）
Recent work has shown impressive localization performance using only images of ground textures taken with a downward facing monocular camera. This provides a reliable navigation method that is robust to feature sparse environments and challenging lighting conditions. However, these localization methods require an existing map for comparison. Our work aims to relax the need for a map by introducing a full simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system. By not requiring an existing map, setup times are minimized and the system is more robust to changing environments. This SLAM system uses a…
University of Freiburg（弗赖堡大学）；University of Technology Nuremberg（纽伦堡工业大学）
Robots operating in the open world encounter various different environments that can substantially differ from each other. This domain gap also poses a challenge for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) being one of the fundamental tasks for navigation. In particular, learning-based SLAM methods are known to generalize poorly to unseen environments hindering their general adoption. In this work, we introduce the novel task of continual SLAM extending the concept of lifelong SLAM from a single dynamically changing environment to sequential deployments in several drastically differing en…
This work provides a theoretical analysis for optimally solving the pose estimation problem using total least squares for vector observations from landmark features, which is central to applications involving simultaneous localization and mapping. First, the optimization process is formulated with observation vectors extracted from point-cloud features. Then, error-covariance expressions are derived. The attitude and position estimates obtained via the derived optimization process are proven to reach the bounds defined by the Cramér-Rao lower bound under the small-angle approximation of attitu…
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Universidad Sergio Arboleda（塞尔吉奥·阿博莱达大学）；Pontificia Universidad Javeriana（哈维里亚那天主教大学）；University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Australian Center for Robotic Vision（澳大利亚机器人视觉中心）
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)consists in the concurrent construction of a model of the environment (the map), and the estimation of the state of the robot moving within it. The SLAM community has made astonishing progress over the last 30 years, enabling large-scale real-world applications, and witnessing a steady transition of this technology to industry. We survey the current state of SLAM. We start by presenting what is now the de-facto standard formulation for SLAM. We then review related work, covering a broad set of topics including robustness and scalability in long-term …
We present a filtering-based method for semantic mapping to simultaneously detect objects and localize their 6 degree-of-freedom pose. For our method, called Contextual Temporal Mapping (or CT-Map), we represent the semantic map as a belief over object classes and poses across an observed scene. Inference for the semantic mapping problem is then modeled in the form of a Conditional Random Field (CRF). CT-Map is a CRF that considers two forms of relationship potentials to account for contextual relations between objects and temporal consistency of object poses, as well as a measurement potentia…
Thompson Rivers University（汤普森河大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a process of concurrent estimation of the vehicle's pose and feature locations with respect to a frame of reference. This paper proposes a computationally cheap geometric nonlinear SLAM filter algorithm structured to mimic the nonlinear motion dynamics of the true SLAM problem posed on the matrix Lie group of $\mathbb{SLAM}_{n}\left(3\right)$. The nonlinear filter on manifold is proposed in continuous form and it utilizes available measurements obtained from group velocity vectors, feature measurements and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The …
In this work, we propose a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system using a monocular camera and Ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors. Our system, referred to as VRSLAM, is a multi-stage framework that leverages the strengths and compensates for the weaknesses of each sensor. Firstly, we introduce a UWB-aided 7 degree-of-freedom (scale factor, 3D position, and 3D orientation) global alignment module to initialize the visual odometry (VO) system in the world frame defined by the UWB anchors. This module loosely fuses up-to-scale VO and ranging data using either a quadratically constrained qu…
Where am I? This is one of the most critical questions that any intelligent system should answer to decide whether it navigates to a previously visited area. This problem has long been acknowledged for its challenging nature in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), wherein the robot needs to correctly associate the incoming sensory data to the database allowing consistent map generation. The significant advances in computer vision achieved over the last 20 years, the increased computational power, and the growing demand for long-term exploration contributed to efficiently performing su…
Simultaneous Localization and 3D-Semi Dense Mapping for Micro Drones Using Monocular Camera and Inertial Sensors
The Hatter Department of Marine Technologies, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel（海洋技术系，海法大学）；Computer Science, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel（计算机科学，海法大学）
Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A)（阿拉贡工程研究院（I3A））；Universidad de Zaragoza（萨拉戈萨大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Genius Sports（Genius体育）；UC San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Technion – Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院）
Active Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is the problem of planning and controlling the motion of a robot to build the most accurate and complete model of the surrounding environment. Since the first foundational work in active perception appeared, more than three decades ago, this field has received increasing attention across different scientific communities. This has brought about many different approaches and formulations, and makes a review of the current trends necessary and extremely valuable for both new and experienced researchers. In this work, we survey the state-of-the-a…
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is used to predict the dynamic motion path of a moving platform based on the location coordinates and the precise mapping of the physical environment. SLAM has great potential in augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicles, viz. self-driving cars, drones, Autonomous navigation robots (ANR). This work introduces a hybrid learning model that explores beyond feature fusion and conducts a multimodal weight sewing strategy towards improving the performance of a baseline SLAM algorithm. It carries out weight enhancement of the front end feature extractor …
Precise and real-time rail vehicle localization as well as railway environment monitoring is crucial for railroad safety. In this letter, we propose a multi-LiDAR based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system for railway applications. Our approach starts with measurements preprocessing to denoise and synchronize multiple LiDAR inputs. Different frame-to-frame registration methods are used according to the LiDAR placement. In addition, we leverage the plane constraints from extracted rail tracks to improve the system accuracy. The local map is further aligned with global map utilizi…
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Related Datasets: A Comprehensive Survey
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Ghent University（根特大学）；Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (imec)（校际微电子中心（imec））
A reliable pose estimator robust to environmental disturbances is desirable for mobile robots. To this end, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important role because they can perceive the full motion state of the vehicle independently. However, it suffers from accumulative error due to inherent noise and bias instability, especially for low-cost sensors. In our previous studies on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2021, wu2021}, we proposed to limit the error drift of the pure inertial navigation system (INS) by mounting an IMU to the wheel of the robot to take advantage of rotation modulation. Howeve…
