We propose a roadmap for leveraging the tremendous opportunities the Internet of Things (IoT) has to offer. We argue that the combination of the recent advances in service computing and IoT technology provide a unique framework for innovations not yet envisaged, as well as the emergence of yet-to-be-developed IoT applications. This roadmap covers: emerging novel IoT services, articulation of major research directions, and suggestion of a roadmap to guide the IoT and service computing community to address key IoT service challenges.
This paper gives a detail analysis of various applications based on Internet of Thing (IoT)s. This explains about how internet of things evolved from mobile computing and ubiquitous computing. It emphasises the fact that objects are connected over the internet rather than people. The properties of Internet of Things (IOT) are product information, electronic tag, standard expressed and uploading information. It utilises the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and wireless sensor networks (WSN). IOT applications are used in domains such as healthcare, supply chain management, defenc…
This paper discusses the challenges of the Internet of Things programming. Sensing and data gathering from the various sources are often the key elements of applications for Smart Cities. So, the effective programming models for them are very important. In this article, we discuss system software models and solutions, rather than network related aspects. In our paper, we present the web-based domain-specific language for Internet of Things applications. Our goal is to present the modern models for data processing in Internet of Things and Smart Cities applications. In our view, the use of this…
World has been introduced with a new way of living by inventing this advanced technology Internet of Things (IOT). By using this technology all the real-world objects can be made to interconnect and communicate with each other which can be done by diagnosing, sensing and networking over the internet to fulfill some objectives. Due to advancements that have taken place in sensors, wireless communication systems and cloud computing has brought steps to invent this innovative technology. This paper deals with the elements, applications and the challenges faced by Internet of Things. This paper ma…
The current statuses and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summarized survey is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes between IoT and IoE, which are wrongly considered to be the same by many commentators. After evaluating the current trends of advancement in the fields of IoT, IoE and IoNT, this paper identifies the 21 most significant current and future challenges as well as scenarios for the possible future expansion of their applications. Despite possible negative aspects of…
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday objects including a vast array of sensors, actuators, and smart devices, referred to as things to the Internet, in an intelligent and pervasive fashion. This connectivity gives rise to the possibility of using the tracking capabilities of things to impinge on the location privacy of users. Most of the existing management and location privacy protection solutions do not consider the low-cost and low-power requirements of things, or, they do not account for the heterogeneity, scalability, or autonomy of communications supported in the IoT. Moreover,…
The Internet is smoothly migrating from an Internet of people towards an Internet of Things (IoT). By 2020, it is expected to have 50 billion things connected to the Internet. However, such a migration induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between the heterogeneous Inter- net things, e.g., RFIDs (Radio Frequency Identification), mobile handheld devices, and wireless sensors. In this context, a couple of standards have been already set, e.g., IPv6, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks), and M2M (Machine to Machine communications). In this pa…
The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in homes and the immediate proximity of an individual communicates to create Personal IoT (PIoT) networks. The exploratory study of PIoT is in its infancy, which will explore the expansion of new use cases, service requirements, and the proliferation of PIoT devices. This article provides a big picture of PIoT architecture, vision, and future research scope.
Nowadays, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) traffic rate is increasing at a fast pace. The use of satellites is expected to play a large role in delivering such a traffic. In this work, we investigate the use of two of the most common M2M/IoT protocols stacks on a satellite Random Access (RA) channel, based on DVB-RCS2 standard. The metric under consideration is the completion time, in order to identify the protocol stack that can provide the best performance level.
The Internet of Things combines various earlier areas of research. As a result, research on the subject is still organized around these pre-existing areas: distributed computing with services and objects, networks (usually combining 6lowpan with Zigbee etc. for the last-hop), artificial intelligence and semantic web, and human-computer interaction. We are yet to create a unified model that covers all these perspectives - domain, device, service, agent, etc. In this paper, we propose the concept of cells as units of structure and context in the Internet of things. This allows us to have a unifi…
With the continuing decrease of sensor technology prices as well as the increase of communication and analytical capabilities of modern internet of things devices, the continuously generated amount of data is constantly growing. Various use cases show the untapped potential of this data for new business models. However, conventional industrial IT networks of traditional manufacturing companies can hardly meet the modern requirements emerging with today's and future industrial internet of things applications. Outdated and rigid network infrastructures are one of the main reasons for hesitant in…
RFID systems are among the major infrastructures of the Internet of Things, which follow ISO and EPC standards. In addition, ISO standard constitutes the main layers of supply chain, and many RFID systems benefit from ISO standard for different purposes. In this paper, we tried to introduce addressing systems based on ISO standards, through which the range of things connected to the Internet of Things will grow. Our proposed methods are addressing methods which can be applied to both ISO and EPC standards. The proposed methods are simple, hierarchical, and low cost implementation. In addition,…
In this paper, we introduce a new networking architecture called Group Centric Networking (GCN), which is designed to support the large number of devices expected with the emergence of the Internet of Things. GCN is designed to enable these devices to operate collaboratively in a highly efficient and resilient fashion, while not sacrificing their ability to communicate with one another. We do a full protocol implementation of GCN in NS3, and demonstrate that GCN utilizes up to an order of magnitude fewer network resources than traditional wireless networking schemes, while providing high conne…
In big cloud structures or large data structures, fog computing could be interpreted, referring critically to the growing issues and problems in accessing the information among the Internet of things (IoT) devices. Fog computing can be used to compute, store, control and connect smart devices to each other. IoT is an architecture of uniquely identified interrelated physical things, these physical things are able to communicate with each other and can transmit and receive information. This research presents a framework of the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing. The bl…
Smart city technology is making cities more effective which is necessary for the rapid growth in urban population. With the rapid increase in advanced metering infrastructure and other digital technologies, Smart cities have become smarter with efficient electronic devices and embedded sensors based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the smart cities concept with its components and applications. Moreover, technologies of IoT used in smart cities infrastructure and some practically implemented smart cities in the world are mentioned as exemplary imple…
The rapid growth in technology and internet connected devices has enabled Internet of Things (IoT) to be one of the important fields in computing. Standards, technologies and platforms targeting IoT ecosystem are being developed at a very fast pace. IoT enables things to communicate and coordinate decisions for many different types of applications including healthcare, home automation, disaster recovery, and industry automation. It is expected to expand to even more applications in the future. This paper surveys several standards by IEEE, IETF and ITU that enable technologies enabling the rapi…
Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technological domain and the effort that many Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) and alliances are dedicating to it is constantly increasing. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is certainly one of the most active SDOs operating in this broad domain. With the aim of building a comprehensive, interoperable and streamlined IoT stack, several IETF working groups are developing protocols, in multiple technological domains, which are already nowadays very relevant to the IoT. This article gives a concise but comprehensive survey of the IET…
Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) behavioural mode has been introduced in IEEE 802.15.4e standard to address the ultra-high reliability and ultra-low power communication requirements of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. Scheduling the packet transmissions in IIoT networks is a difficult task owing to the limited resources and dynamic topology. In this paper, we propose a phasic policy gradient (PPG) based TSCH schedule learning algorithm. The proposed PPG based scheduling algorithm overcomes the drawbacks of totally distributed and totally centralized deep reinforcement learning…
The unlicensed spectrum, although free, has become an invaluable resource toward enabling massive Internet-of-things (IoT) applications, where Internet-enabled devices are deployed at a large scale. However, realizing massive IoT connectivity over unlicensed bands requires efficient spectrum sharing among IoT devices and fair coexistence with other wireless networks. In this article, we discuss several spectrum sharing methods to address these intra- and inter-network sharing issues. To this end, we first consider ALOHA-based networks that avoid spectrum sensing, yet rely on diversity to impro…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an exploding market as well as a important focus area for research. Security is a major issue for IoT products and solutions, with several massive problems that are still commonplace in the field. In this paper, we have successfully minimized the risk of data eavesdropping and tampering over the network by securing these communications using the concept of tunneling. We have implemented this by connecting a router to the internet via a Virtual Private network while using PPTP and L2TP as the underlying protocols for the VPN and exploring their cost benefits, com…
The world had witnessed several generations of the Internet. Starting with the Fixed Internet, then the Mobile Internet, scientists now focus on many types of research related to the "Thing" Internet (or Internet of Things). The question is "what is the next Internet generation after the Thing Internet?" This paper envisions about the Tactile Internet which could be the next Internet generation in the near future. The paper will introduce what is the tactile internet, why it could be the next future Internet, as well as the impact and its application in the future society. Furthermore, some ch…
Internet of things (IoT) changes significantly the requirements for connectivity, mainly with regards to long battery life, low device cost, low deployment cost, extended coverage and support for a massive number of devices. Driven from these requirements, several different cellular and non-cellular low power wide area network (LPWAN) solutions are emerging and competing for IoT business and the overall connectivity market. Motivated by this, in this paper, we review and compare the design specifications of different LPWAN solutions, as well as, we discuss their suitability for different IoT a…
Recently, the number of devices has grown increasingly and it is hoped that, between 2015 and 2016, 20 billion devices will be connected to the Internet and this market will move around 91.5 billion dollars. The Internet of Things (IoT) is composed of small sensors and actuators embedded in objects with Internet access and will play a key role in solving many challenges faced in today's society. However, the real capacity of IoT concepts is constrained as the current sensor networks usually do not exchange information with other sources. In this paper, we propose the Visual Search for Internet…
Large geographical regions of our planet remain uncovered by terrestrial network connections. Sparse and dense constellations of near-Earth orbit satellites can bridge this gap by providing Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity on a world-wide scale in a flexible and cost-effective manner. This paper presents a novel space-terrestrial integrated IoT network architecture spanning direct- and indirect-to-satellite access from IoT assets on the surface. Framed on the identified requirements, we analyze NB-IoT and LoRa/LoRaWAN features to put these technologies forward as appealing candidates for …
Internet of Things (IoT) and Network Softwarization are fast becoming core technologies of information systems and network management for next generation Internet. The deployment and applications of IoT ranges from smart cities to urban computing, and from ubiquitous healthcare to tactile Internet. For this reason the physical infrastructure of heterogeneous network systems has become more complicated, and thus requires efficient and dynamic solutions for management, configuration, and flow scheduling. Network softwarization in the form of Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function V…
Wide scale interest and adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is fuelling innovation in the way individuals and even machines can interact to exchange knowledge. One area of particular interest is that of analytics. Ever decreasing form factor hardware is enabling computation and data storage to be embedded into many different devices. The combination of network connectivity and emerging distributed models of service orchestration is allowing the creation of new ways of measuring, monitoring and analysing performance. Using an approach inspired by the NIST seven layer model of clou…
The distributed structure of the Internet of things has gradually replaced the centralized structure because of its scalability, security, and single point of failure. The huge scale of information recording of the Internet of things brings challenges and opportunities to the trust management of the Internet of things. Through the analysis of a variety of existing trust management schemes, this paper proposes a unified data structure for distributed access service records, TokenChain, in which triple DES data encryption is used to ensure privacy and traceability, to achieve a unified trust man…
The Internet of Things (IoT) networks are expected to involve myriad of devices, ranging from simple sensors to powerful single board computers and smart phones. The great advancement in computational power of embedded technologies have enabled the integration of these devices into the IoT network, allowing for cloud functionalities to be extended near to the source of data. In this paper we study a multi-layer distributed IoT architecture supported by fog and cloud. We optimize the placement of the IoT services in this architecture so that the total power consumption is minimized. Our results…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a ubiquitous system connecting many different devices - the things - which can be accessed from the distance. The cyber-physical systems (CPS) monitor and control the things from the distance. As a result, the concepts of dependability and security get deeply intertwined. The increasing level of dynamicity, heterogeneity, and complexity adds to the system's vulnerability, and challenges its ability to react to faults. This paper summarizes state-of-the-art of existing work on anomaly detection, fault-tolerance and self-healing, and adds a number of other methods…
Microlocation plays a key role in the transformation of traditional buildings into smart infrastructure. Microlocation is the process of locating any entity with a very high accuracy, possibly in centimeters. Such technologies require high detection accuracy, energy efficiency, wide reception range, low cost, and availability. In this article, we provide insights into various microlocation-enabling technologies, techniques, and services and discuss how they can accelerate the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart buildings. We cover the challenges and examine some signal proce…
In recent years, advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology and materials science have led to development of revolutionizing applications in Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, the interconnection of nanomaterials, nanoimplants and nanobiosensors with existing IoT networks have inspired the concepts of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), Internet of Biodegradable Things (IoBDT) and Internet of Ingestible Things (IoIT). To date, although there are several survey papers that addressed these concepts separately, there is no current survey covering all studies …
The lack of security measures in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their persistent online connectivity give adversaries an opportunity to target them or abuse them as intermediary targets for larger attacks such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) campaigns. In this paper, we analyze IoT malware with a focus on endpoints to understand the affinity between the dropzones and their target IP addresses, and to understand the different patterns among them. Towards this goal, we reverse-engineer 2,423 IoT malware samples to obtain IP addresses. We further augment additional information a…
Battery-powered sensors deployed in the Internet of Things (IoT) require energy-efficient solutions to prolong their lifetime. When these sensors observe a physical phenomenon distributed in space and evolving in time, the collected observations are expected to be correlated. We take advantage of the exhibited correlation and propose an updating mechanism that employs deep Q-learning. Our mechanism is capable of determining the frequency with which sensors should transmit their updates while taking into the consideration an ever-changing environment. We evaluate our solution using observations…
Given the tremendous success of the Internet of Things in interconnecting consumer devices, we observe a natural trend to likewise interconnect devices in industrial settings, referred to as Industrial Internet of Things or Industry 4.0. While this coupling of industrial components provides many benefits, it also introduces serious security challenges. Although sharing many similarities with the consumer Internet of Things, securing the Industrial Internet of Things introduces its own challenges but also opportunities, mainly resulting from a longer lifetime of components and a larger scale of…
A massive current research effort focuses on combining pre-existing 'Intranets' of Things into one Internet of Things. However, this unification is not a panacea; it will expose new attack surfaces and vectors, just as it enables new applications. We therefore urgently need a model of security in the Internet of Things. In this regard, we note that IoT descends directly from pre-existing research (in embedded Internet and pervasive intelligence), so there exist several bodies of related work: security in RFID, sensor networks, cyber-physical systems, and so on. In this paper, we survey the exi…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global information network consisting of Internet-connected objects, such as RFIDs, sensors, and actuators, as well as other instruments and smart appliances that are becoming an integral component of the Internet. Over the last few years, we have seen a plethora of IoT solutions making their way into the industry marketplace. Context-aware communication and computing has played a critical role throughout the last few years of ubiquitous computing and is expected to play a significant role in the IoT paradigm as well. In this article, we examine a vari…
Sensing as a Service (S2aaS) model [1] [2] is inspired by the traditional Everything as a service (XaaS) approaches [3]. It aims to better utilize the existing Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. S2aaS vision aims to create 'rentable infrastructure' where interested parties can gather IoT data by paying a fee for the infrastructure owners.
There is a growing interest from both the academia and industry to employ distributed ledger technology in the Internet-of-Things domain for addressing security-related and performance challenges. Distributed ledger technology enables non-trusted entities to communicate and reach consensus in a fully distributed manner through a cryptographically secure and immutable ledger. However, significant challenges arise mainly related to transaction processing speed and user privacy. This work explores the interplay between Internet-of-Things and distributed ledger technology, analysing the fundamenta…
In the Internet-of-Things, the number of connected devices is expected to be extremely huge, i.e., more than a couple of ten billion. It is however well-known that the security for the Internet-of-Things is still open problem. In particular, it is difficult to certify the identification of connected devices and to prevent the illegal spoofing. It is because the conventional security technologies have advanced for mainly protecting logical network and not for physical network like the Internet-of-Things. In order to protect the Internet-of-Things with advanced security technologies, we propose …
Since the beginning of the Internet thirty years ago, we have witnessed a number of changes in the application of communication technologies. Today, the Internet can be described to a large extent as a ubiquitous infrastructure that is always accessible. After the era of connecting places and connecting people, the Internet of the future will also connect things. The idea behind the resulting Internet of Things is to seamlessly gather and use information about objects of the real world during their entire lifecycle. In this paper, we consider different approaches to technological protection of…
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) are increasing the accuracy, reliability, and the production capability of electronic devices by playing a very important part in the industry of healthcare. The available medical resources and services related to healthcare are working to get an interconnection with each other by the digital healthcare system by the contribution of the researchers. Sensors, wearable devices, medical devices, and clinical devices are all connected to form an ecosystem of the Internet of Medical Things. The different applications of healthcare are enabled by the Internet of…
The Mirai Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack exploited security vulnerabilities of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and thereby clearly signalled that attackers have IoT on their radar. Securing IoT is therefore imperative, but in order to do so it is crucial to understand the strategies of such attackers. For that purpose, in this paper, a novel IoT honeypot called ThingPot is proposed and deployed. Honeypot technology mimics devices that might be exploited by attackers and logs their behavior to detect and analyze the used attack vectors. ThingPot is the first of its kind, since it …
We present the first BLS12-381 elliptic curve pairing crypto-processor for Internet-of-Things (IoT) security applications. Efficient finite field arithmetic and algorithm-architecture co-optimizations together enable two orders of magnitude energy savings. We implement several countermeasures against timing and power side-channel attacks. Our crypto-processor is programmable to provide the flexibility to accelerate various elliptic curve and pairing-based protocols such as signature aggregation and functional encryption.
With the recent advances in radio-frequency identification (RFID), low-cost wireless sensor devices, and Web technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) approach has gained momentum in connecting everyday objects to the Internet and facilitating machine-to-human and machine-to-machine communication with the physical world. While IoT offers the capability to connect and integrate both digital and physical entities, enabling a whole new class of applications and services, several significant challenges need to be addressed before these applications and services can be fully realized. A fundamenta…
The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a cellular access technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide wide area connectivity for the Internet of Things. Since its introduction in 3GPP Release 13, NB-IoT has in a few years achieved a remarkable market presence and is currently providing coverage in close to 100 countries. To further extend the reach of NB-IoT and to connect the unconnected, 3GPP Release 17 will study the feasibility of adapting NB-IoT to support non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In this article, we review the fundamentals of NB-IoT an…
We propose a Context Aware Sensor Configuration Model (CASCoM) to address the challenge of automated context-aware configuration of filtering, fusion, and reasoning mechanisms in IoT middleware according to the problems at hand. We incorporate semantic technologies in solving the above challenges.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big evolutionary step in the world of internet. The main intention behind the IoT is to enable safer living and risk mitigation on different levels of life. With the advent of IoT botnets, the view towards IoT devices has changed from enabler of enhanced living into Internet of vulnerabilities for cyber criminals. IoT botnets has exposed two different glaring issues, 1) A large number of IoT devices are accessible over public Internet. 2) Security (if considered at all) is often an afterthought in the architecture of many wide spread IoT devices. In this ar…
The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) heralds a vision of the future Internet where connecting physical things, from banknotes to bicycles, through a network will let them take an active part in the Internet, exchanging information about themselves and their surroundings. This will give immediate access to information about the physical world and the objects in it leading to innovative services and increase in efficiency and productivity. This paper studies the state-of-the-art of IoT and presents the key technological drivers,potential applications, challenges and future research areas in the d…
Sensor routers play a crucial role in the sector of Internet of Things applications, in which the capacity for transmission of the network signal is limited from cloud systems to sensors and its reversal process. It describes a robust recognized framework with various architected layers to process data at high level synthesis. It is designed to sense the nodes instinctually with the help of Internet of Things where the applications arise in cloud systems. In this paper embedded PEs with four-layer new design framework architecture is proposed to sense the devises of IOT applications with the s…
Internet of Things (IoT) is realized by the idea of free flow of information amongst various low power embedded devices that use Internet to communicate with one another. It is predicted that the IoT will be widely deployed and it will find applicability in various domains of life. Demands of IoT have lately attracted huge attention and organizations are excited about the business value of the data that will be generated by the IoT paradigm. On the other hand, IoT have various security and privacy concerns for the end users that limit its proliferation. In this paper we have identified, catego…
A service mining framework is proposed that enables discovering interesting relationships in Internet of Things services bottom-up. The service relationships are modeled based on spatial-temporal aspects, environment, people, and operation. An ontology-based service model is proposed to describe services. We present a set of metrics to evaluate the interestingness of discovered service relationships. Analytical and simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation measures.
The rapid growth of the world's population demands more natural resources, food, and space. World-renowned physicist Stephan Hawking has argued that soon we will require another world to live on because we are running out of space and natural resources. This ever-increasing demand for resources and space needs novel technologies to explore natural resources, produce more crops, and explore outer space. Internet of X-things (X-IoT) is an enabling technology to overcome all of the above issues. In this article, we have presented an overview of a unified framework of X-IoT. The framework of X-IoT…
Modern embedded and cyber-physical systems are ubiquitous. A large number of critical cyber-physical systems have real-time requirements (e.g., avionics, automobiles, power grids, manufacturing systems, industrial control systems, etc.). Recent developments and new functionality requires real-time embedded devices to be connected to the Internet. This gives rise to the real-time Internet-of-things (RT-IoT) that promises a better user experience through stronger connectivity and efficient use of next-generation embedded devices. However RT- IoT are also increasingly becoming targets for cyber-a…
The raising level of traffic imposes a great demand in the growth of intelligent traffic systems. With increase in complexity of alleviation, finding solutions to traffic congestion problem have become one of the challenges. Various optimization techniques have been proposed in literature to meet these challenges. This paper surveys different optimization techniques based on heuristics for automated traffic congestion control. Moreover, an approach based on River Formation Dynamics scheme is introduced to analyze the optimization problem for traffic congestion control and a scheme to extract r…
Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the emerging technologies of this century and its various aspects, such as the Infrastructure, Security, Architecture and Privacy, play an important role in shaping the future of the digitalised world. Internet of Things devices are connected through sensors which have significant impacts on the data and its security. In this research, we used IoT five layered architecture of the Internet of Things to address the security and private issues of IoT enabled services and applications. Furthermore, a detailed survey on Internet of Things infrastructure, architect…
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims at interconnecting everyday objects (including both things and users) and then using this connection information to provide customized user services. However, IoT does not work in its initial stages without adequate acquisition of user preferences. This is caused by cold-start problem that is a situation where only few users are interconnected. To this end, we propose CRUC scheme - Cold-start Recommendations Using Collaborative Filtering in IoT, involving formulation, filtering and prediction steps. Extensive experiments over real cases and simulation have bee…
The Internet of Things (IoT) brings connectivity to about every objects found in the physical space. It extends connectivity to everyday objects. From connected fridges, cars and cities, the IoT creates opportunities in numerous domains. However, this increase in connectivity creates many prominent challenges. This paper provides a survey of some of the major issues challenging the widespread adoption of the IoT. Particularly, it focuses on the interoperability, management, security and privacy issues in the IoT. It is concluded that there is a need to develop a multifaceted technology approac…
