Quantum materials hosting Weyl fermions have opened a new era of research in condensed matter physics. First proposed in 1929 in particle physics, Weyl fermions have yet to be observed as elementary particles. In 2015, Weyl fermions were detected as collective electronic excitations in the strong spin-orbit coupled material tantalum arsenide, TaAs. This discovery was followed by a flurry of experimental and theoretical explorations of Weyl phenomena in materials. Weyl materials naturally lend themselves to the exploration of the topological index associated with Weyl fermions and their divergent Berry curvature field, as well as the topological bulk-boundary correspondence giving rise to protected conducting surface states. Here, we review the broader class of Weyl topological phenomena in materials, starting with the observation of emergent Weyl fermions in the bulk and of Fermi arc states on the surface of the TaAs family of crystals by photoemission spectroscopy. We then discuss some of the exotic optical and magnetic responses observed in these materials, as well as the progress in developing some of the related chiral materials. We discuss the conceptual development of high-fold chiral fermions, which generalize Weyl fermions, and we review the observation of high-fold chiral fermion phases by taking the rhodium silicide, RhSi, family of crystals as a prime example. Lastly, we discuss recent advances in Weyl-line phases in magnetic topological materials. With this Review, we aim to provide an introduction to the basic concepts underlying Weyl physics in condensed matter, and to representative materials and their electronic structures and topology as revealed by spectroscopic studies. We hope this work serves as a guide for future theoretical and experimental explorations of chiral fermions and related topological quantum systems with potentially enhanced functionalities.
Weyl-Dirac nodal line phonons with type-selective surface states
Inner Mongolia University（内蒙古大学）；Research Center for Quantum Physics and Technologies, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University（内蒙古大学物理科学与技术学院量子物理与技术研究中心）；Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Photovoltaic Technology and Energy Materials at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia University（内蒙古自治区高校半导体光伏技术与能源材料重点实验室（内蒙古大学））
Semi-Dirac and Weyl Fermions in Transition Metal Oxides
我们发现，一类化合物与$I$ 4/ $mcm$晶体对称主机三维半狄拉克费米子。与已知的二维半狄拉克点不同，这些三维半狄拉克点的简并不被自旋轨道耦合所提升，这是由于受到非对称对称性的保护--$a-b$平面中的螺旋旋转和沿$c$轴的平移。这种晶体对称性在四元钙钛矿氧化物中发现，其可通过导致$^0$ a $^0$ c $^-$型八面体旋转的外延应变在薄膜中实现。有趣的是，随着时间反演对称性的破缺，两对外尔点出现在布里渊区的半狄拉克点，以及额外的晶格畸变导致增强的本征反常霍尔效应。通过外延应变调节Berry相的能力可用于新型氧化物基电子器件。
Field manipulation of Weyl modes in an ideal Dirac semimetal
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学物理学院及武汉国家高磁场科学中心）；School of Physics and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University（东南大学物理学院及教育部重点实验室）
Current-induced second harmonic generation in inversion-symmetric Dirac and Weyl semimetals
二次谐波是一种基本的非线性光学现象，广泛应用于材料实验探测和光学器件中。偶阶非线性光学响应包括二次谐波通常需要反转对称性的破缺，因此已被用来研究非中心对称材料。在这里，我们从理论上研究了在直流电流下，通过创建一个非平衡稳态打破反转对称的反转对称狄拉克和Weyl半金属的二次谐波。基于解析和数值计算，我们发现Dirac和Weyl半金属在有限电流作用下表现出很强的二次谐波。我们对狄拉克半金属Cd $_3$ As $_2$和磁性Weyl半金属Co $_3$ Sn $_2$ S $_2$的实验估计表明，在中红外或远红外光下，对于实际应用的电流密度，诱导磁化率$χ^{(2)}$可以达到$10^5~\mathrm{pm}\cdot\mathrm{V}^{-1}$。该值比典型的非线性光学材料大10 $^2$ -10 $^4$倍。我们还讨论了观察电流诱导二次谐波的实验方法，并结合最近的实验对其他拓扑半金属中的电流诱导二次谐波进行了评论。
