电池的确定性模型、上坡电流和非平衡相变
Deterministic model of battery, uphill currents and non-equilibrium phase transitions
摘要：
我们考虑由两个矩形通道连接的两个圆形腔组成的表中的点粒子，在周期性边界条件下形成闭合回路。在第一通道中，当沿一个方向流动的粒子数超过给定阈值$T$时，反弹机制起作用。在这种情况下，粒子会反转其水平速度，就像与垂直壁碰撞一样。第二通道被分成平行于第一通道的两半，但位于腔的相对侧。在第二通道中，运动是自由的。我们表明，适当地调整腔的大小，通道和$T$，非平衡相变发生在$N\rightarrow \infty$限制。这会在电路中产生一个稳定的电流，从而模拟一种电池，尽管我们的模型是确定性的、保守的和时反不变的。
英文摘要：
We consider point particles in a table made of two circular cavities connected by two rectangular channels, forming a closed loop under periodic boundary conditions. In the first channel, a bounce--back mechanism acts when the number of particles flowing in one direction exceeds a given threshold $T$. In that case, the particles invert their horizontal velocity, as if colliding with vertical walls. The second channel is divided in two halves parallel to the first, but located in the opposite sides of the cavities. In the second channel, motion is free. We show that, suitably tuning the sizes of cavities, of the channels and of $T$, non--equilibrium phase transitions take place in the $N\rightarrow \infty$ limit. This induces a stationary current in the circuit, thus modeling a kind of battery, although our model is deterministic, conservative, and time reversal invariant.
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