S2-BNN: Bridging the Gap Between Self-Supervised Real and 1-bit Neural Networks via Guided Distribution Calibration
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）
Zhiqiang Shen, Zechun Liu, Jie Qin, Lei Huang, Kwang-Ting Cheng, Marios Savvides
备注：
CVPR 2021camera-ready version. Self-supervised binary neural networks using distillation loss (5.5~15% improvement over contrastive baseline). Code is available at https://github.com/szq0214/S2-BNN
Previous studies dominantly target at self-supervised learning on real-valued networks and have achieved many promising results. However, on the more challenging binary neural networks (BNNs), this task has not yet been fully explored in the community. In this paper, we focus on this more difficult scenario: learning networks where both weights and activations are binary, meanwhile, without any human annotated labels. We observe that the commonly used contrastive objective is not satisfying on BNNs for competitive accuracy, since the backbone network contains relatively limited capacity and representation ability. Hence instead of directly applying existing self-supervised methods, which cause a severe decline in performance, we present a novel guided learning paradigm from real-valued to distill binary networks on the final prediction distribution, to minimize the loss and obtain desirable accuracy. Our proposed method can boost the simple contrastive learning baseline by an absolute gain of 5.5~15% on BNNs. We further reveal that it is difficult for BNNs to recover the similar predictive distributions as real-valued models when training without labels. Thus, how to calibrate them is key to address the degradation in performance. Extensive experiments are conducted on the large-scale ImageNet and downstream datasets. Our method achieves substantial improvement over the simple contrastive learning baseline, and is even comparable to many mainstream supervised BNN methods. Code is available at https://github.com/szq0214/S2-BNN.
Binary neural networks (BNN) have been studied extensively since they run dramatically faster at lower memory and power consumption than floating-point networks, thanks to the efficiency of bit operations. However, contemporary BNNs whose weights and activations are both single bits suffer from severe accuracy degradation. To understand why, we investigate the representation ability, speed and bias/variance of BNNs through extensive experiments. We conclude that the error of BNNs is predominantly caused by the intrinsic instability (training time) and non-robustness (train & test time). Inspir…
Recent works on Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) have made promising progress in narrowing the accuracy gap of BNNs to their 32-bit counterparts. However, the accuracy gains are often based on specialized model designs using additional 32-bit components. Furthermore, almost all previous BNNs use 32-bit for feature maps and the shortcuts enclosing the corresponding binary convolution blocks, which helps to effectively maintain the accuracy, but is not friendly to hardware accelerators with limited memory, energy, and computing resources. Thus, we raise the following question: How can accuracy and …
Based on the assumption that there exists a neural network that efficiently represents a set of Boolean functions between all binary inputs and outputs, we propose a process for developing and deploying neural networks whose weight parameters, bias terms, input, and intermediate hidden layer output signals, are all binary-valued, and require only basic bit logic for the feedforward pass. The proposed Bitwise Neural Network (BNN) is especially suitable for resource-constrained environments, since it replaces either floating or fixed-point arithmetic with significantly more efficient bitwise ope…
Iluvatar CoreX（天数智芯）；University of California San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）
Binarized Neural Network (BNN) removes bitwidth redundancy in classical CNN by using a single bit (-1/+1) for network parameters and intermediate representations, which has greatly reduced the off-chip data transfer and storage overhead. However, a large amount of computation redundancy still exists in BNN inference. By analyzing local properties of images and the learned BNN kernel weights, we observe an average of $\sim$78% input similarity and $\sim$59% weight similarity among weight kernels, measured by our proposed metric in common network architectures. Thus there does exist redundancy t…
Southeast University（东南大学）；National ASIC System Engineering Research Center（国家专用集成电路系统工程技术研究中心）
Binary neural network (BNN) is an extreme quantization version of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with all features and weights mapped to just 1-bit. Although BNN saves a lot of memory and computation demand to make CNN applicable on edge or mobile devices, BNN suffers the drop of network performance due to the reduced representation capability after binarization. In this paper, we propose a new replaceable and easy-to-use convolution module RepConv, which enhances feature maps through replicating input or output along channel dimension by $β$ times without extra cost on the number of par…
ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）；University of Surrey（萨里大学）
Verifying and explaining the behavior of neural networks is becoming increasingly important, especially when they are deployed in safety-critical applications. In this paper, we study verification problems for Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs), the 1-bit quantization of general real-numbered neural networks. Our approach is to encode BNNs into Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), which is done by exploiting the internal structure of the BNNs. In particular, we translate the input-output relation of blocks in BNNs to cardinality constraints which are then encoded by BDDs. Based on the encoding, we d…
Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Texas State University（德克萨斯州立大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））
Neural network binarization accelerates deep models by quantizing their weights and activations into 1-bit. However, there is still a huge performance gap between Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) and their full-precision (FP) counterparts. As the quantization error caused by weights binarization has been reduced in earlier works, the activations binarization becomes the major obstacle for further improvement of the accuracy. BNN characterises a unique and interesting structure, where the binary and latent FP activations exist in the same forward pass (i.e., $\text{Binarize}(\mathbf{a}_F) = \mathb…
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）
Recently developed adversarial weight attack, a.k.a. bit-flip attack (BFA), has shown enormous success in compromising Deep Neural Network (DNN) performance with an extremely small amount of model parameter perturbation. To defend against this threat, we propose RA-BNN that adopts a complete binary (i.e., for both weights and activation) neural network (BNN) to significantly improve DNN model robustness (defined as the number of bit-flips required to degrade the accuracy to as low as a random guess). However, such an aggressive low bit-width model suffers from poor clean (i.e., no attack) infe…
Pohang University of Science and Technology（浦项科技大学）
Significant computational cost and memory requirements for deep neural networks (DNNs) make it difficult to utilize DNNs in resource-constrained environments. Binary neural network (BNN), which uses binary weights and binary activations, has been gaining interests for its hardware-friendly characteristics and minimal resource requirement. However, BNN usually suffers from accuracy degradation. In this paper, we introduce "BitSplit-Net", a neural network which maintains the hardware-friendly characteristics of BNN while improving accuracy by using multi-bit precision. In BitSplit-Net, each bit …
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are showing tremendous success on realistic image classification tasks. Notably, their accuracy is similar to the state-of-the-art accuracy obtained by full-precision models tailored to edge devices. In this regard, BNNs are very amenable to edge devices since they employ 1-bit to store the inputs and weights, and thus, their storage requirements are low. Also, BNNs computations are mainly done using xnor and pop-counts operations which are implemented very efficiently using simple hardware structures. Nonetheless, supporting BNNs efficiently on mobile CPUs is far…
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are increasingly preferred over full-precision Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) to reduce the memory and computational requirements of inference processing with minimal accuracy drop. BNNs convert CNN model parameters to 1-bit precision, allowing inference of BNNs to be processed with simple XNOR and bitcount operations. This makes BNNs amenable to hardware acceleration. Several photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based BNN accelerators have been proposed. Although these accelerators provide remarkably higher throughput and energy efficiency than their electron…
Convolutional neural network (CNN) has been widely used for vision-based tasks. Due to the high computational complexity and memory storage requirement, it is hard to directly deploy a full-precision CNN on embedded devices. The hardware-friendly designs are needed for re-source-limited and energy-constrained embed-ded devices. Emerging solutions are adopted for the neural network compression, e.g., bina-ry/ternary weight network, pruned network and quantized network. Among them, Binarized Neural Network (BNN) is believed to be the most hardware-friendly framework due to its small network size…
Osaka University（大阪大学）；Panasonic Corporation（松下公司）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology（国立先进工业科学技术研究所）
A privacy-preserving framework in which a computational resource provider receives encrypted data from a client and returns prediction results without decrypting the data, i.e., oblivious neural network or encrypted prediction, has been studied in machine learning that provides prediction services. In this work, we present MOBIUS (Model-Oblivious BInary neUral networkS), a new system that combines Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) and secure computation based on secret sharing as tools for scalable and fast privacy-preserving machine learning. BNNs improve computational performance by binarizin…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）
Edge computing is promising to become one of the next hottest topics in artificial intelligence because it benefits various evolving domains such as real-time unmanned aerial systems, industrial applications, and the demand for privacy protection. This paper reviews recent advances on binary neural network (BNN) and 1-bit CNN technologies that are well suitable for front-end, edge-based computing. We introduce and summarize existing work and classify them based on gradient approximation, quantization, architecture, loss functions, optimization method, and binary neural architecture search. We …
DJI Innovations Inc（大疆创新科技有限公司）；School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University（南京大学电子科学与工程学院）
For binary neural networks (BNNs) to become the mainstream on-device computer vision algorithm, they must achieve a superior speed-vs-accuracy tradeoff than 8-bit quantization and establish a similar degree of general applicability in vision tasks. To this end, we propose a BNN framework comprising 1) a minimalistic inference scheme for hardware-friendliness, 2) an over-parameterized training scheme for high accuracy, and 3) a simple procedure to adapt to different vision tasks. The resultant framework overtakes 8-bit quantization in the speed-vs-accuracy tradeoff for classification, detection…
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）
Binary neural networks (BNNs) have 1-bit weights and activations. Such networks are well suited for FPGAs, as their dominant computations are bitwise arithmetic and the memory requirement is also significantly reduced. However, compared to start-of-the-art compact convolutional neural network (CNN) models, BNNs tend to produce a much lower accuracy on realistic datasets such as ImageNet. In addition, the input layer of BNNs has gradually become a major compute bottleneck, because it is conventionally excluded from binarization to avoid a large accuracy loss. This work proposes FracBNN, which e…
University of Oulu（奥卢大学）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）
Binary neural networks (BNNs), where both weights and activations are binarized into 1 bit, have been widely studied in recent years due to its great benefit of highly accelerated computation and substantially reduced memory footprint that appeal to the development of resource constrained devices. In contrast to previous methods tending to reduce the quantization error for training BNN structures, we argue that the binarized convolution process owns an increasing linearity towards the target of minimizing such error, which in turn hampers BNN's discriminative ability. In this paper, we re-inve…
In the low-bit quantization field, training Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) is the extreme solution to ease the deployment of deep models on resource-constrained devices, having the lowest storage cost and significantly cheaper bit-wise operations compared to 32-bit floating-point counterparts. In this paper, we introduce Sub-bit Neural Networks (SNNs), a new type of binary quantization design tailored to compress and accelerate BNNs. SNNs are inspired by an empirical observation, showing that binary kernels learnt at convolutional layers of a BNN model are likely to be distributed over kernel s…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence（博世人工智能中心）
Integrating logical reasoning within deep learning architectures has been a major goal of modern AI systems. In this paper, we propose a new direction toward this goal by introducing a differentiable (smoothed) maximum satisfiability (MAXSAT) solver that can be integrated into the loop of larger deep learning systems. Our (approximate) solver is based upon a fast coordinate descent approach to solving the semidefinite program (SDP) associated with the MAXSAT problem. We show how to analytically differentiate through the solution to this SDP and efficiently solve the associated backward pass. W…
Hasso Plattner Institute（哈索·普拉特纳研究所）；University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学）
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) show promising progress in reducing computational and memory costs but suffer from substantial accuracy degradation compared to their real-valued counterparts on large-scale datasets, e.g., ImageNet. Previous work mainly focused on reducing quantization errors of weights and activations, whereby a series of approximation methods and sophisticated training tricks have been proposed. In this work, we make several observations that challenge conventional wisdom. We revisit some commonly used techniques, such as scaling factors and custom gradients, and show that thes…
BEP: A Binary Error Propagation Algorithm for Binary Neural Networks Training
Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano（电子、信息与生物工程系，米兰理工学院）；Faculty of Informatics and IDSIA, Università della Svizzera italiana（信息学院和IDSIA，瑞士大学）；Department of Computing Sciences and BIDSA, Bocconi University（计算科学系和BIDSA，博科尼大学）
Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) can significantly reduce the inference latency and energy consumption in resource-constrained devices due to their pure-logical computation and fewer memory accesses. However, training BNNs is difficult since the activation flow encounters degeneration, saturation, and gradient mismatch problems. Prior work alleviates these issues by increasing activation bits and adding floating-point scaling factors, thereby sacrificing BNN's energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use distribution loss to explicitly regularize the activation flow, and develop a frame…
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University（詹姆斯库克大学科学与工程学院）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Stochastic Computing (SC) is a computing paradigm that allows for the low-cost and low-power computation of various arithmetic operations using stochastic bit streams and digital logic. In contrast to conventional representation schemes used within the binary domain, the sequence of bit streams in the stochastic domain is inconsequential, and computation is usually non-deterministic. In this brief, we exploit the stochasticity during switching of probabilistic Conductive Bridging RAM (CBRAM) devices to efficiently generate stochastic bit streams in order to perform Deep Learning (DL) parameter…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；RealAI；Intel Labs China（英特尔中国研究院）
Binary Neural Network (BNN) represents convolution weights with 1-bit values, which enhances the efficiency of storage and computation. This paper is motivated by a previously revealed phenomenon that the binary kernels in successful BNNs are nearly power-law distributed: their values are mostly clustered into a small number of codewords. This phenomenon encourages us to compact typical BNNs and obtain further close performance through learning non-repetitive kernels within a binary kernel subspace. Specifically, we regard the binarization process as kernel grouping in terms of a binary codebo…
It is always well believed that Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) could drastically accelerate the inference efficiency by replacing the arithmetic operations in float-valued Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with bit-wise operations. Nevertheless, there has not been open-source implementation in support of this idea on low-end ARM devices (e.g., mobile phones and embedded devices). In this work, we propose daBNN --- a super fast inference framework that implements BNNs on ARM devices. Several speed-up and memory refinement strategies for bit-packing, binarized convolution, and memory layout are uniquel…
Real-time point cloud processing is fundamental for lots of computer vision tasks, while still challenged by the computational problem on resource-limited edge devices. To address this issue, we implement XNOR-Net-based binary neural networks (BNNs) for an efficient point cloud processing, but its performance is severely suffered due to two main drawbacks, Gaussian-distributed weights and non-learnable scale factor. In this paper, we introduce point-wise operations based on Expectation-Maximization (POEM) into BNNs for efficient point cloud processing. The EM algorithm can efficiently constrai…
In this work, we study the binary neural networks (BNNs) of which both the weights and activations are binary (i.e., 1-bit representation). Feature representation is critical for deep neural networks, while in BNNs, the features only differ in signs. Prior work introduces scaling factors into binary weights and activations to reduce the quantization error and effectively improves the classification accuracy of BNNs. However, the scaling factors not only increase the computational complexity of networks, but also make no sense to the signs of binary features. To this end, Self-Distribution Bina…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing（中国矿业大学（北京））；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）
The advancement of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) has driven significant improvement in the accuracy of recognition systems for many computer vision tasks. However, their practical applications are often restricted in resource-constrained environments. In this paper, we introduce projection convolutional neural networks (PCNNs) with a discrete back propagation via projection (DBPP) to improve the performance of binarized neural networks (BNNs). The contributions of our paper include: 1) for the first time, the projection function is exploited to efficiently solve the discrete back …
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；SenseTime Group Limited（商汤集团有限公司）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）
Hardware-friendly network quantization (e.g., binary/uniform quantization) can efficiently accelerate the inference and meanwhile reduce memory consumption of the deep neural networks, which is crucial for model deployment on resource-limited devices like mobile phones. However, due to the discreteness of low-bit quantization, existing quantization methods often face the unstable training process and severe performance degradation. To address this problem, in this paper we propose Differentiable Soft Quantization (DSQ) to bridge the gap between the full-precision and low-bit networks. DSQ can …
Binary neural network (BNN) provides a promising solution to deploy parameter-intensive deep single image super-resolution (SISR) models onto real devices with limited storage and computational resources. To achieve comparable performance with the full-precision counterpart, most existing BNNs for SISR mainly focus on compensating the information loss incurred by binarizing weights and activations in the network through better approximations to the binarized convolution. In this study, we revisit the difference between BNNs and their full-precision counterparts and argue that the key for good …
University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
Design automation in general, and in particular logic synthesis, can play a key role in enabling the design of application-specific Binarized Neural Networks (BNN). This paper presents the hardware design and synthesis of a purely combinational BNN for ultra-low power near-sensor processing. We leverage the major opportunities raised by BNN models, which consist mostly of logical bit-wise operations and integer counting and comparisons, for pushing ultra-low power deep learning circuits close to the sensor and coupling it with binarized mixed-signal image sensor data. We analyze area, power an…
Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI), University of Potsdam（哈索·普拉特纳研究所（HPI），波茨坦大学）
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) can drastically reduce memory size and accesses by applying bit-wise operations instead of standard arithmetic operations. Therefore it could significantly improve the efficiency and lower the energy consumption at runtime, which enables the application of state-of-the-art deep learning models on low power devices. BMXNet is an open-source BNN library based on MXNet, which supports both XNOR-Networks and Quantized Neural Networks. The developed BNN layers can be seamlessly applied with other standard library components and work in both GPU and CPU mode. BMXNet is …
Xilinx Research Labs（赛灵思研究实验室）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Binarized neural networks (BNNs) are gaining interest in the deep learning community due to their significantly lower computational and memory cost. They are particularly well suited to reconfigurable logic devices, which contain an abundance of fine-grained compute resources and can result in smaller, lower power implementations, or conversely in higher classification rates. Towards this end, the Finn framework was recently proposed for building fast and flexible field programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerators for BNNs. Finn utilized a novel set of optimizations that enable efficient mappin…
Adversarial examples are perturbed inputs that are designed (from a deep learning network's (DLN) parameter gradients) to mislead the DLN during test time. Intuitively, constraining the dimensionality of inputs or parameters of a network reduces the 'space' in which adversarial examples exist. Guided by this intuition, we demonstrate that discretization greatly improves the robustness of DLNs against adversarial attacks. Specifically, discretizing the input space (or allowed pixel levels from 256 values or 8-bit to 4 values or 2-bit) extensively improves the adversarial robustness of DLNs for …
Deep learning algorithms achieve high classification accuracy at the expense of significant computation cost. In order to reduce this cost, several quantization schemes have gained attention recently with some focusing on weight quantization, and others focusing on quantizing activations. This paper proposes novel techniques that target weight and activation quantizations separately resulting in an overall quantized neural network (QNN). The activation quantization technique, PArameterized Clipping acTivation (PACT), uses an activation clipping parameter $α$ that is optimized during training t…
Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；Peking University（北京大学）
Binary neural networks (BNNs) represent original full-precision weights and activations into 1-bit with sign function. Since the gradient of the conventional sign function is almost zero everywhere which cannot be used for back-propagation, several attempts have been proposed to alleviate the optimization difficulty by using approximate gradient. However, those approximations corrupt the main direction of factual gradient. To this end, we propose to estimate the gradient of sign function in the Fourier frequency domain using the combination of sine functions for training BNNs, namely frequency…
Existing Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) mainly operate on local convolutions with binarization function. However, such simple bit operations lack the ability of modeling contextual dependencies, which is critical for learning discriminative deep representations in vision models. In this work, we tackle this issue by presenting new designs of binary neural modules, which enables BNNs to learn effective contextual dependencies. First, we propose a binary multi-layer perceptron (MLP) block as an alternative to binary convolution blocks to directly model contextual dependencies. Both short-range an…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；China Research and Development Academy of Machinery Equipment（中国机械科学研究总院集团有限公司）
The quantized neural networks (QNNs) can be useful for neural network acceleration and compression, but during the training process they pose a challenge: how to propagate the gradient of loss function through the graph flow with a derivative of 0 almost everywhere. In response to this non-differentiable situation, we propose a novel Asymptotic-Quantized Estimator (AQE) to estimate the gradient. In particular, during back-propagation, the graph that relates inputs to output remains smoothness and differentiability. At the end of training, the weights and activations have been quantized to low-…
Binary neural networks (BNNs) have attracted broad research interest due to their efficient storage and computational ability. Nevertheless, a significant challenge of BNNs lies in handling discrete constraints while ensuring bit entropy maximization, which typically makes their weight optimization very difficult. Existing methods relax the learning using the sign function, which simply encodes positive weights into +1s, and -1s otherwise. Alternatively, we formulate an angle alignment objective to constrain the weight binarization to {0,+1} to solve the challenge. In this paper, we show that …
Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学哈索·普拉特纳研究所）；AI Labs, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团人工智能实验室）
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are neural networks which use binary weights and activations instead of the typical 32-bit floating point values. They have reduced model sizes and allow for efficient inference on mobile or embedded devices with limited power and computational resources. However, the binarization of weights and activations leads to feature maps of lower quality and lower capacity and thus a drop in accuracy compared to traditional networks. Previous work has increased the number of channels or used multiple binary bases to alleviate these problems. In this paper, we instead prese…
SCALES: Boost Binary Neural Network for Image Super-Resolution with Efficient Scalings
School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University（北京大学集成科学与微电子学院）；Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits（北京集成电路高精尖创新中心）；Institute of Electronic Design Automation, Peking University（北京大学电子设计自动化研究所）；Meta Inc（元公司（Meta））
National Special Education Resource Center for Children with Autism, Zhejiang Normal University（浙江师范大学国家孤独症儿童特殊教育资源中心）；Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University（浙江大学 cyber 系统与控制研究所）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University（浙江师范大学计算机科学与技术学院）
The optimization of Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) relies on approximating the real-valued weights with their binarized representations. Current techniques for weight-updating use the same approaches as traditional Neural Networks (NNs) with the extra requirement of using an approximation to the derivative of the sign function - as it is the Dirac-Delta function - for back-propagation; thus, efforts are focused adapting full-precision techniques to work on BNNs. In the literature, only one previous effort has tackled the problem of directly training the BNNs with bit-flips by using the first ra…
Model binarization is an effective method of compressing neural networks and accelerating their inference process. However, a significant performance gap still exists between the 1-bit model and the 32-bit one. The empirical study shows that binarization causes a great loss of information in the forward and backward propagation. We present a novel Distribution-sensitive Information Retention Network (DIR-Net) that retains the information in the forward and backward propagation by improving internal propagation and introducing external representations. The DIR-Net mainly relies on three technic…
This paper studies the Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) in which weights and activations are both binarized into 1-bit values, thus greatly reducing the memory usage and computational complexity. Since the modern deep neural networks are of sophisticated design with complex architecture for the accuracy reason, the diversity on distributions of weights and activations is very high. Therefore, the conventional sign function cannot be well used for effectively binarizing full-precision values in BNNs. To this end, we present a simple yet effective approach called AdaBin to adaptively obtain the opt…
