使波动的普遍形状转向
Cornering the universal shape of fluctuations
摘要：
理解可观测量的波动是科学的主要目标之一，无论是理论还是实验，量子还是经典。我们调查这样的波动时，只有一个子区域的整个系统可以观察到，专注于几何形状与尖角。我们报告说，对开度角的依赖是超普遍的：到一个数值前因子，这个函数不依赖于任何东西，提供的系统研究是均匀的，各向同性的，相关性不衰减太慢。前因子包含重要的物理信息：我们特别表明，它提供了访问的结构因子的长波长限制。我们用几个例子来说明我们的发现，包括分数量子霍尔态，尺度不变量子临界理论和金属。最后，我们讨论了与量子纠缠，扩展到三维，以及实验，以探测波动的几何形状的连接。
英文摘要：
Understanding the fluctuations of observables is one of the main goals in science, be it theoretical or experimental, quantum or classical. We investigate such fluctuations when only a subregion of the full system can be observed, focusing on geometries with sharp corners. We report that the dependence on the opening angle is super-universal: up to a numerical prefactor, this function does not depend on anything, provided the system under study is uniform, isotropic, and correlations do not decay too slowly. The prefactor contains important physical information: we show in particular that it gives access to the long-wavelength limit of the structure factor. We illustrate our findings with several examples, including fractional quantum Hall states, scale invariant quantum critical theories, and metals. Finally, we discuss connections with quantum entanglement, extensions to three dimensions, as well as experiments to probe the geometry of fluctuations.
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