电化学氧化对液态金属界面张力的调制
Interfacial Tension Modulation of Liquid Metal via Electrochemical Oxidation
摘要：
本文综述了电化学氧化调节镓基合金界面张力的最新研究进展。这些合金在环境条件下为液体，在室温下具有任何液体中最大的界面张力。调节张力的能力提供了产生改变金属形状和位置的力的可能性。自19世纪末以来，人们就知道电毛细作用--利用电势来调节电解质中金属表面的双电层--降低了液态金属的界面张力。然而，这种现象只能实现界面张力的适度变化，因为它限于避免反应的潜在窗口。最近的发现表明，由镓合金的电化学氧化驱动的反应导致界面张力从0 V下的~500 mN/m降低到~ 0.8V下的~0 mN/m，张力的变化远远超过了通过常规电毛细作用或表面活性剂可能实现的变化。张力的变化是可逆的;还原电位使金属回到高界面张力状态。本报告旨在总结关键工作，并通过包括电化学基础知识，同时解决误解，向初学者介绍这一领域。我们讨论了利用调制液态金属的界面张力的应用，并得出结论，剩余的机会和挑战，需要进一步调查。
英文摘要：
This progress report summarizes recent studies of electrochemical oxidation to modulate the interfacial tension of gallium-based alloys. These alloys, which are liquid at ambient conditions, have the largest interfacial tension of any liquid at room temperature. The ability to modulate the tension offers the possibility to create forces that change the shape and position of the metal. It has been known since the late 1800s that electrocapillarity-the use of potential to modulate the electric double layer on the surface of metals in electrolyte-lowers the interfacial tension of liquid metal. Yet, this phenomenon can only achieve modest changes in interfacial tension since it is limited to potential windows that avoid reactions. A recent discovery suggests that reactions driven by the electrochemical oxidation of gallium alloys cause the interfacial tension to decrease from ~500 mN/m at 0 V to ~0 mN/m at ~0.8 V, a change in tension that goes well beyond what is possible via conventional electrocapillarity or surfactants. The changes in tension are reversible; reductive potentials return the metal back to a state of high interfacial tension. This report aims to summarize key work and introduce beginners to this field by including electrochemistry basics while addressing misconceptions. We discuss applications that utilize modulations in interfacial tension of liquid metal and conclude with remaining opportunities and challenges that need further investigation.
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