Federated learning plays an important role in the process of smart cities. With the development of big data and artificial intelligence, there is a problem of data privacy protection in this process. Federated learning is capable of solving this problem. This paper starts with the current developments of federated learning and its applications in various fields. We conduct a comprehensive investigation. This paper summarize the latest research on the application of federated learning in various fields of smart cities. In-depth understanding of the current development of federated learning from the Internet of Things, transportation, communications, finance, medical and other fields. Before that, we introduce the background, definition and key technologies of federated learning. Further more, we review the key technologies and the latest results. Finally, we discuss the future applications and research directions of federated learning in smart cities.
Privacy concerns are considered one of the main challenges in smart cities as sharing sensitive data brings threatening problems to people's lives. Federated learning has emerged as an effective technique to avoid privacy infringement as well as increase the utilization of the data. However, there is a scarcity in the amount of labeled data and an abundance of unlabeled data collected in smart cities, hence there is a need to use semi-supervised learning. We propose a semi-supervised federated learning method called FedSem that exploits unlabeled data. The algorithm is divided into two phases …
Mohammed V University in Rabat（拉巴特穆罕默德五世大学）；ENSIAS（国家高等信息与系统分析学院（拉巴特穆罕默德五世大学下属，按独立机构提取为ENSIAS，中文暂译：国家高等信息与系统分析学院））；Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane（伊夫兰阿卡韦恩大学）；School of Science and Engineering（科学与工程学院）
Water consumption remains a major concern among the world's future challenges. For applications like load monitoring and demand response, deep learning models are trained using enormous volumes of consumption data in smart cities. On the one hand, the information used is private. For instance, the precise information gathered by a smart meter that is a part of the system's IoT architecture at a consumer's residence may give details about the appliances and, consequently, the consumer's behavior at home. On the other hand, enormous data volumes with sufficient variation are needed for the deep …
University of Bristol（布里斯托大学）；Toshiba Europe Ltd.（东芝欧洲有限公司）
Data-enabled cities are recently accelerated and enhanced with automated learning for improved Smart Cities applications. In the context of an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, the data communication is frequently costly, inefficient, not scalable and lacks security. Federated Learning (FL) plays a pivotal role in providing privacy-preserving and communication efficient Machine Learning (ML) frameworks. In this paper we evaluate the feasibility of FL in the context of a Smart Cities Street Light Monitoring application. FL is evaluated against benchmarks of centralised and (fully) personalise…
University of Georgia（佐治亚大学）；Florida International University（佛罗里达国际大学）
The explosion of advancements in artificial intelligence, sensor technologies, and wireless communication activates ubiquitous sensing through distributed sensors. These sensors are various domains of networks that lead us to smart systems in healthcare, transportation, environment, and other relevant branches/networks. Having collaborative interaction among the smart systems connects end-user devices to each other which enables achieving a new integrated entity called Smart Cities. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive survey of data analytics in smart cities. In this paper, we…
Traffic Pattern Classification in Smart Cities Using Deep Recurrent Neural Network
Al-Kitab University（阿尔基塔布大学）；Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology（Sahrdaya工程技术学院）；Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology（Sri Shakthi工程技术研究所）；Northern Technical University（北方技术大学）；University of Anbar（安巴尔大学）
Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a valuable matrix factorization technique which produces a "parts-based" decomposition of data sets. Wi-Fi user counts are a privacy-preserving indicator of population movements in smart and connected urban environments. In this paper, we apply NMF with a novel matrix embedding to Wi-Fi user count data from the University of Colorado at Boulder Campus for the purpose of automatically identifying patterns of human movement in a Smart and Connected infrastructure environment.
National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Harokopio University of Athens（哈罗科皮奥大学）；University of Cantabria（坎塔布里亚大学）
In this paper we present a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)-based platform, enabling the retrieval and analysis of big datasets stemming from social networking (SN) sites and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, collected by smart city applications and socially-aware data aggregation services. A large set of city applications in the areas of Participating Urbanism, Augmented Reality and Sound-Mapping throughout participating cities is being applied, resulting into produced sets of millions of user-generated events and online SN reports fed into the RADICAL platform. Moreover, we study the appl…
Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Dartmouth College（达特茅斯学院）
An increasing number of monitoring systems have been developed in smart cities to ensure that real-time operations of a city satisfy safety and performance requirements. However, many existing city requirements are written in English with missing, inaccurate, or ambiguous information. There is a high demand for assisting city policy makers in converting human-specified requirements to machine-understandable formal specifications for monitoring systems. To tackle this limitation, we build CitySpec, the first intelligent assistant system for requirement specification in smart cities. To create C…
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学李光耀公共政策学院）
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are increasingly embraced around the world to advance smart mobility and more broadly, smart, and sustainable cities. Algorithms form the basis of decision-making in AVs, allowing them to perform driving tasks autonomously, efficiently, and more safely than human drivers and offering various economic, social, and environmental benefits. However, algorithmic decision-making in AVs can also introduce new issues that create new safety risks and perpetuate discrimination. We identify bias, ethics, and perverse incentives as key ethical issues in the AV algorithms' decisio…
An Enhanced Analysis of Traffic Intelligence in Smart Cities Using Sustainable Deep Radial Function
Al-Kitab University（阿尔基塔布大学）；Annai Velankanni College of Engineering（安奈维兰卡尼工程学院）；Saveetha School of Engineering（萨维塔工程学院）；Sri Eshwar College of Engineering（斯里埃什瓦尔工程学院）；Northern Technical University（北方技术大学）；University of Anbar（安巴尔大学）
The Institute for Computer Science and Control of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences（匈牙利科学院计算机科学与控制研究所）；General Electric (GE) Hungary Ltd.（通用电气（GE）匈牙利有限公司）
As urbanization proceeds at an astonishing rate, cities have to continuously improve their solutions that affect the safety, health and overall wellbeing of their residents. Smart city projects worldwide build on advanced sensor, information and communication technologies to help dealing with issues like air pollution, waste management, traffic optimization, and energy efficiency. The paper reports about the prototype of a smart city initiative in Budapest which applies various sensors installed on the public lighting system and a cloud-based analytical module. While the installed wireless mul…
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can alleviate traffic congestion, air pollution, and improve safety. In this paper, we provide a decentralized coordination framework for CAVs at a signal-free intersection to minimize travel time and improve fuel efficiency. We employ a simple yet powerful reinforcement learning approach, an off-policy temporal difference learning called Q-learning, enhanced with a coordination mechanism to address this problem. Then, we integrate a first-in-first-out queuing policy to improve the performance of our system. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed ap…
COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has resulted in an ongoing pandemic that caused infected cases including some deaths. Coronavirus is primarily spread between people during close contact. Motivating to this notion, this research proposes an artificial intelligence system for social distancing classification of persons by using thermal images. By exploiting YOLOv2 (you look at once), a deep learning detection technique is developed for detecting and tracking people in indoor and outdoor scenarios. An …
Linnaeus University（林奈大学）；RISE Interactive Research Institutes of Sweden（瑞典RISE互动研究院）
We present a machine learning based method for noise classification using a low-power and inexpensive IoT unit. We use Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients for audio feature extraction and supervised classification algorithms (that is, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors) for noise classification. We evaluate our approach experimentally with a dataset of about 3000 sound samples grouped in eight sound classes (such as, car horn, jackhammer, or street music). We explore the parameter space of support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors algorithms to estimate the optimal parameter v…
