Milky Way考古学使用RR天琴座和II造父变星I.使用RR天琴座星的7维孤星流
Milky Way archaeology using RR Lyrae and type II Cepheids I. The Orphan stream in 7D using RR Lyrae stars
摘要：
我们提出了一个孤儿星流的化学动力学研究使用的RR~天琴座脉动变星的光度，天体测量和光谱数据的目录。利用Sloan数字巡天（SDSS）的低分辨率光谱，我们测定了RR~天琴座星的视速度，并导出了它们的系统速度。结合恒星的光谱金属丰度和\textit{Gaia} EDR 3天体测量，我们研究了孤儿流的北部。在我们的概率方法中，我们发现了20个单模RR~ Lyrant变量可能与孤儿流的位置，自行和距离的基础上。所获得的样本使我们能够利用SDSS确定的视线速度，将搜索范围扩大到SDSS数据集中的不变星。我们还发现了54颗与孤儿星流有关的不变星。红巨星支星和蓝水平支星的金属丰度分布平均为$-2.13\pm0.05$ dex和$-1.87\pm0.14$ dex，色散分别为0.23和0.43 dex。RR~天琴座变星的金属丰度分布在$-1.80\pm0.06$ dex处达到峰值，离散度为0.25 dex。利用收集到的恒星样本，我们研究了超微弱矮星系Grus II和孤儿流之间可能存在的联系。基于它们的运动学，我们发现，流RR~天琴座和鹤II都在一个具有相似轨道性质的轨道上，尽管动力学性质的大的不确定性使得很难明确地声称连接。与此同时，化学分析强烈削弱了两者之间的联系。我们认为，天鹤座II与孤儿流相结合，将不得不表现出很强的逆金属丰度梯度，迄今为止尚未在任何本地群系统中检测到。
英文摘要：
We present a chemo-dynamical study of the Orphan stellar stream using a catalog of RR~Lyrae pulsating variable stars for which photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic data are available. Employing low-resolution spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we determined line-of-sight velocities for individual exposures and derived the systemic velocities of the RR~Lyrae stars. In combination with the stars' spectroscopic metallicities and \textit{Gaia} EDR3 astrometry, we investigated the northern part of the Orphan stream. In our probabilistic approach, we found 20 single mode RR~Lyrae variables likely associated with the Orphan stream based on their positions, proper motions, and distances. The acquired sample permitted us to expand our search to nonvariable stars in the SDSS dataset, utilizing line-of-sight velocities determined by the SDSS. We found 54 additional nonvariable stars linked to the Orphan stream. The metallicity distribution for the identified red giant branch stars and blue horizontal branch stars is, on average, $-2.13\pm0.05$ dex and $-1.87\pm0.14$ dex, with dispersions of 0.23 and 0.43dex, respectively. The metallicity distribution of the RR~Lyrae variables peaks at $-1.80\pm0.06$ dex and a dispersion of 0.25dex. Using the collected stellar sample, we investigated a possible link between the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Grus II and the Orphan stream. Based on their kinematics, we found that both the stream RR~Lyrae and Grus II are on a prograde orbit with similar orbital properties, although the large uncertainties on the dynamical properties render an unambiguous claim of connection difficult. At the same time, the chemical analysis strongly weakens the connection between both. We argue that Grus II in combination with the Orphan stream would have to exhibit a strong inverse metallicity gradient, which to date has not been detected in any Local Group system.
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