威廉·道斯：从英国到澳大利亚的“第一舰队”上的实用天文学
William Dawes: Practical Astronomy on the "First Fleet" from England to Australia
摘要：
1787年5月13日，一支由11艘船组成的罪犯船队离开英格兰朴茨茅斯，开始了长达24，000公里，长达8个月的航行，前往新南威尔士州。这次航行将使阿瑟·菲利普船长率领的“第一舰队”经过特内里费岛（加那利群岛）、里约热内卢港（巴西）、非洲大陆南端的桌湾和今天塔斯马尼亚岛最南端的海角，到达他们的目的地植物湾。考虑到当时可用的导航工具和船队船只的小型，它们在几天内安全抵达彼此是一项非凡的成就。这一点尤其重要，因为他们没有损失一艘船，只有相对较少的船员和罪犯。菲利普和他的船员之所以能够确保他们的成功，是因为他们的船员非常精通实用天文学，其中最著名的是威廉·道斯中尉。我们详细探讨了他的教育背景和事件导致道斯的任命委员会的经度作为车队的专用天文学家暨海洋。除了道斯，约翰·亨特，护卫队旗舰英国皇家海军的第二任船长。天狼星，威廉·布拉德利中尉和菲利普·吉德利·金中尉也是导航和经度测定的专家，使用计时器和“月球距离”测量。即使以今天的标准来看，第一舰队航行的历史记录也非常准确。
英文摘要：
On 13 May 1787, a convict fleet of 11 ships left Portsmouth, England, on a 24,000 km, 8-month-long voyage to New South Wales. The voyage would take the "First Fleet" under Captain Arthur Phillip via Tenerife (Canary Islands), the port of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Table Bay at the southern extremity of the African continent and the southernmost cape of present-day Tasmania to their destination of Botany Bay. Given the navigation tools available at the time and the small size of the convoy's ships, their safe arrival within a few days of each other was a phenomenal achievement. This was particularly so, because they had not lost a single ship and only a relatively small number of crew and convicts. Phillip and his crew had only been able to ensure their success because of the presence of crew members who were highly proficient in practical astronomy, most notably Lieutenant William Dawes. We explore in detail his educational background and the events leading up to Dawes' appointment by the Board of Longitude as the convoy's dedicated astronomer-cum-Marine. In addition to Dawes, John Hunter, second captain of the convoy's flagship H.M.S. Sirius, Lieutenant William Bradley and Lieutenant Philip Gidley King were also experts in navigation and longitude determination, using both chronometers and "lunar distance" measurements. The historical record of the First Fleet's voyage is remarkably accurate, even by today's standards.
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