宇宙中的正电子云
Positronia' clouds in Universe
摘要：
从银河系中心和地球雷暴中发出的511 keV光子的强烈发射归因于副正电子云的形成。在带电物体的相互作用中，特别是在重原子核的碰撞中，产生的强电磁场可以产生未束缚的电子-正电子对和正电子亚。这一过程的动力学有利于大量产生质量很小的未结合电子-正电子对和直接衰变为两个511 keV量子的受限的parapositronia状态。因此，我们建议考虑碰撞重离子的电磁场的相互作用作为低质量对的来源，可以转换为511 keV的量子。与Z=1的质子相比，它们产生的强度被放大了因子Z $^4$（Z是重离子的电荷）。这些过程在非常高能量的核碰撞中特别重要，因为它们的横截面与能量对数的立方成比例地增加，甚至可以超过强相互作用的横截面，而强相互作用的横截面的增加速度可能不会超过能量对数的平方。此外，生产极低质量的$e^+e^-$ -对在超周边核碰撞强烈增强由于索末菲-伽莫夫-萨哈罗夫（SGS）的因素，占相互库仑吸引的非相对论电子的情况下，低对质量的正电子。这种吸引力可能导致它们的湮灭，因此，511 keV光子的强度增加。建议将所得结果与NICA对撞机即将获得的实验数据进行比较。
英文摘要：
The intense emission of 511 keV photons from the Galactic center and within terrestrial thunderstorms is attributed to the formation of parapositronia' clouds. Unbound electron-positron pairs and positronia can be created by strong electromagnetic fields produced in interactions of electrically charged objects, in particular, in collisions of heavy nuclei. Kinematics of this process favours abundant creation of the unbound electron-positron pairs with very small masses and the confined parapositronia states which decay directly to two 511 keV quanta. Therefore we propose to consider interactions of electromagnetic fields of colliding heavy ions as a source of low-mass pairs which can transform to 511 keV quanta. Intensity of their creation is enlarged by the factor Z$^4$ (Z is the electric charge of a heavy ion) compared to protons with Z=1. These processes are especially important at very high energies of nuclear collisions because their cross sections increase proportionally to cube of the logarithm of energy and can even exceed the cross sections of strong interactions which may not increase faster than the squared logarithm of energy. Moreover, production of extremely low-mass $e^+e^-$-pairs in ultraperipheral nuclear collisions is strongly enhanced due to the Sommerfeld-Gamow-Sakharov (SGS) factor which accounts for mutual Coulomb attraction of non-relativistic electrons to positrons in case of low pair-masses. This attraction may lead to their annihilation and, therefore, to the increased intensity of 511 keV photons. It is proposed to confront the obtained results to forthcoming experimental data at NICA collider.
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