Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm that avoids data sharing among training nodes so as to protect data privacy. Under coordination of the FL server, each client conducts model training using its own computing resource and private data set. The global model can be created by aggregating the training results of clients. To cope with highly non-IID data distributions, personalized federated learning (PFL) has been proposed to improve overall performance by allowing each client to learn a personalized model. However, one major drawback of a personalized model is the loss of generalization. To achieve model personalization while maintaining generalization, in this paper, we propose a new approach, named PFL-MoE, which mixes outputs of the personalized model and global model via the MoE architecture. PFL-MoE is a generic approach and can be instantiated by integrating existing PFL algorithms. Particularly, we propose the PFL-MF algorithm which is an instance of PFL-MoE based on the freeze-base PFL algorithm. We further improve PFL-MF by enhancing the decision-making ability of MoE gating network and propose a variant algorithm PFL-MFE. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PFL-MoE by training the LeNet-5 and VGG-16 models on the Fashion-MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets with non-IID partitions.
PFLlib: A Beginner-Friendly and Comprehensive Personalized Federated Learning Library and Benchmark
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University（清华大学人工智能产业研究院）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；Stevens Institute of Technology（史蒂文斯理工学院）
PM-MOE: Mixture of Experts on Private Model Parameters for Personalized Federated Learning
Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecomm.（北京邮电大学）；Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；Beijing Univ. of Aeronautics and Astronautics（北京航空航天大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Alibaba-NTU Singapore Joint Research Institute（阿里巴巴-南洋理工大学新加坡联合研究院）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）；Shandong University（山东大学）；Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research（山东大学-南洋理工大学人工智能联合研究院）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；WeBank（微众银行）
Personalized Federated Sparse Adaptation of Time-Series Foundation Models
Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber-Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science（罗伯特·博世网络物理系统中心，印度科学学院）；School of Computing, Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学计算学院）
Visual Prompt Based Personalized Federated Learning
National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；JD Explore Academy（京东探索研究院）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））
Interpretability Is Not Just a Tax: Sparsity and Diversity Yield Legible and Composable Reward Experts for Personalization
Saarland University（萨尔兰大学）；Independent Researcher（独立研究者）；Bielefeld University（比勒菲尔德大学）；Max Planck Institute for Software Systems（马克斯·普朗克软件系统研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息研究所）
Convergence-Privacy-Fairness Trade-Off in Personalized Federated Learning
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼大学）；University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学）
FedAPA: Server-side Gradient-Based Adaptive Personalized Aggregation for Federated Learning on Heterogeneous Data
College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University（暨南大学信息科学技术学院）；College of Information and Computational Science, Jilin University（吉林大学信息与计算科学学院）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Clust-PSI-PFL: A Population Stability Index Approach for Clustered Non-IID Personalized Federated Learning
Department of Computer, Control；Management Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy；Telef\'onica Research Barcelona, Spain；Keysight AI Labs Barcelona, Spain
Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute（澳大利亚人工智能研究所）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）
MH-pFLID: Model Heterogeneous personalized Federated Learning via Injection and Distillation for Medical Data Analysis
School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University（北京大学软件与微电子学院）；National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University（北京大学国家软件工程研究中心）；State University of New York at Buffalo（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）
Personalized Federated Learning via Heterogeneous Modular Networks
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；NEC Laboratories America（美国NEC实验室）；Florida International University（佛罗里达国际大学）；AWS AI Labs, Amazon（亚马逊AWS人工智能实验室）
FedAH: Aggregated Head for Personalized Federated Learning
College of Computer Science Chongqing University Chongqing, China；School of Computer Science；Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China；Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
Semi-Synchronous Personalized Federated Learning over Mobile Edge Networks
Singapore University of Design and Technology（新加坡科技设计大学）；Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
DisPFL: Towards Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Learning via Decentralized Sparse Training
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；JD Explore Academy（京东探索研究院）；Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center（合肥综合性国家科学中心）；Institute of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能研究院）
MH-pFLGB: Model Heterogeneous personalized Federated Learning via Global Bypass for Medical Image Analysis
School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University（北京大学软件与微电子学院）；National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University（北京大学国家软件工程研究中心）；State University of New York at Buffalo（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）
