To meet the high demand for mobile data, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) established a set of standards known as 5G New Radio (5G NR). The architecture of 5G NR includes a flexible radio access network and a core network. 3GPP has also been working on a new radio access technology, called 5G NR Unlicensed (5G NR-U), which aims at extending 5G NR to unlicensed bands. In this paper, we give an overview of the most recent 5G NR-U design elements and discuss potential concerns, including fair coexistence with other unlicensed technologies such as Wi-Fi. We use simulations to study coexistence between Wi-Fi and 5G NR-U systems. Our evaluation indicates that NR-U often achieves higher throughput and lower delay than Wi-Fi (802.11ac). The two systems experience different buffer occupancies and spectrum utilization statistics. We also discuss the improvements that NR-U offers over LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LTE-LAA).
The ever-increasing demand for unlicensed spectrum has prompted regulators in the US and Europe to consider opening up the 6 GHz bands for unlicensed access. These bands will open up 1.2 GHz of additional spectrum for unlicensed radio access technologies (RATs), such as Wi-Fi and 5G New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U), in the US and if permitted, 500 MHz of additional spectrum in Europe. The abundance of spectrum in these bands creates new opportunities for the design of mechanisms and features that can support the emerging bandwidth-intensive and latency-sensitive applications. However, coexistence o…
Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) has been adopted as the spectrum sharing technique that guarantees a fair LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence in the unlicensed spectrum at the 5 GHz band. Differently, at mmWave bands, where beamforming is a must to overcome propagation limits, LBT scope becomes limited because the interference layout changes due to the directionality of transmissions. In this regard, this paper proposes a Listen-Before-Receive (LBR) technique for shared spectrum access and analyzes its potentials to promote a fair coexistence of multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) in unlicensed mmWave bands,…
This paper elaborates on the design challenges, opportunities, and solutions for New Radio-based access to Unlicensed spectrum (NR-U) by taking into account the beam-based transmissions and the worldwide regulatory requirements. NR-U intends to expand the applicability of 5th generation New Radio access technology to support operation in unlicensed bands by adhering to Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) requirements for accessing the channel. LBT was already adopted by different variants of 4th generation Long Term Evolution (LTE) in unlicensed spectrum, i.e., Licensed-Assisted Access and MulteFire, to …
5G has to fulfill the requirements of ultra-dense, scalable, and customizable networks such as IoT while increasing spectrum and energy efficiency. Given the diversity of envisaged applications and scenarios, one crucial property for 5G New Radio (NR) is flexibility: flexible UL/DL allocation, bandwidths, or scalable transmission time interval, and most importantly operation at different frequency bands. In particular, 5G should exploit the spectral opportunities in the unlicensed spectrum for expanding network capacity when and where needed. However, unlicensed bands pose the challenge of "co…
Coexistence with Wi-Fi is the key issue for unlicensed band LTE. The main coexistence mechanism is Listen-Before-Talk, whereby radio frequency energy is sensed over a short period of time and compared to a threshold. Given the default energy thresholds, the energy sensing range is actually much less than the cell range. Both technologies can experience collisions due to transmission being below energy detection threshold. Currently Wi-Fi is agnostic of LTE presence in the unlicensed spectrum. To improve coexistence a communications channel via relaying is proposed to be used by the unlicensed …
With the exponential increase in mobile users, the mobile data demand has grown tremendously. To meet these demands, cellular operators are constantly innovating to enhance the capacity of cellular systems. Consequently, operators have been reusing the licensed spectrum spatially, by deploying 4G/LTE small cells (e.g., Femto Cells) in the past. However, despite the use of small cells, licensed spectrum will be unable to meet the consistently rising data traffic because of data-intensive applications such as augmented reality or virtual reality (AR/VR) and on-the-go high-definition video stream…
In this paper we consider the problem of adaptive video streaming over an LTE-A network that utilizes Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) which is an instance of LTE Unlicensed. With LTE Unlicensed users of the LTE-A network opportunisti- cally access radio resources from unlicensed and licensed carriers through Carrier Aggregation (CA). Our objective is to select the highest possible video quality for each LTE-A user while also try to deliver video data in time for playback, and thus avoid buffer under-run events that deteriorate viewing experience. However, the unpredictable nature of the wireles…
Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in 5G New Radio has been originally defined only for licensed spectrum. However, due to new use cases in the Industry 4.0 scenarios, URLLC operation is currently being extended to unlicensed spectrum in the ongoing Release 17 of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. Although in such controlled environments we can guarantee the absence of any other technology sharing the channel on a long-term basis, the uncertainty of obtaining channel access through load based equipment (LBE) or frame based equipment (FBE) can impede with the latency requirem…
In the unlicensed band, the notion of primary user and secondary user (To implement cognitive radio) is not explicit. By dynamic priority assignment we propose to implement cognitive radio in the unlicensed band. In time critical events, the data which is most important, has to be given the time slots. Wireless Sensor nodes in our case are considered to be mobile, and hence make it difficult to prioritize one over another. A node may be out of the reach of the cluster head or base station by the time it is allotted a time slot and hence mobility is a constraint. With the data changing dynamica…
In this paper, we present Sense-Bandits, an AI-based framework for distributed adaptation of the sensing thresholds (STs) over shared spectrum. This framework specifically targets the coexistence of heterogenous technologies, e.g., Wi-Fi, 4G Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA), and 5G New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U), over unlicensed channels. To access the channel, a device compares the measured power with a predefined ST value and accordingly decides if the channel is idle or not. Improper setting of the ST values creates asymmetric sensing floors, resulting in collisions due to hidden terminals and/o…
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is expanding its utilization in unlicensed band by deploying LTE Unlicensed (LTEU) and Licensed Assisted Access LTE (LTE-LAA) technology. Smart Grid can take the advantages of unlicensed bands for achieving two-way communication between smart meters and utility data centers by using LTE-U/LTE-LAA. However, both schemes must co-exist with the incumbent Wi-Fi system. In this paper, several co-existence schemes of Wi-Fi and LTE technology is comprehensively reviewed. The challenges of deploying LTE and Wi-Fi in the same band are clearly addressed based on the papers revi…
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) enable opportunistic access to the licensed channel resources by allowing unlicensed users to exploit vacant channel opportunities. One effective technique through which unlicensed users, often referred to as Secondary Users (SUs), acquire whether a channel is vacant is cooperative spectrum sensing. Despite its effectiveness in enabling CRN access, cooperative sensing suffers from location privacy threats, merely because the sensing reports that need to be exchanged among the SUs to perform the sensing task are highly correlated to the SUs' locations. In this pa…
Connectivity is probably the most basic building block of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Up to know, the two main approaches to provide data access to the \emph{things} have been based either on multi-hop mesh networks using short-range communication technologies in the unlicensed spectrum, or on long-range, legacy cellular technologies, mainly 2G/GSM, operating in the corresponding licensed frequency bands. Recently, these reference models have been challenged by a new type of wireless connectivity, characterized by low-rate, long-range transmission technologies in the unlicensed sub-…
With the exponential growth in mobile data traffic taking place currently and projected into the future, mobile operators need cost effective ways to manage the load of their networks. Traditionally, this has been achieved by offloading mobile traffic onto Wi-Fi networks due to their low cost and ubiquitous deployment. Recently, LTE operating in the unlicensed spectrum has drawn significant interests from mobile operators due to the availability of the unlicensed spectrum. However, the deployment of LTE networks in the unlicensed band poses significant challenges to the performance of current …
In future networks, an operator may employ a wide range of access points using diverse radio access technologies (RATs) over multiple licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. This paper studies centralized user association and spectrum allocation across many access points in such a heterogeneous network (HetNet). Such centralized control is on a relatively slow timescale to allow information exchange and joint optimization over multiple cells. This is in contrast and complementary to fast timescale distributed scheduling. A queueing model is introduced to capture the lower spectral efficiency,…
In this letter, the coexisting success probability and throughput of a wireless network consisting of multiple subnetworks of different radio access technologies (RATs) is investigated. The coexisting success probability that is defined as the average of all success probabilities of all subnetworks is found in closed-form and it will be shown to have the concavity over the number of channels in the unlicensed band. The optimal deployment densities of all different RATs access points (APs) that maximize the coexisting success probability are shown to exist and can be found under the derived con…
Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. A cognitive radio is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The basic idea of cognitive radio networks is that the unlicensed devices (cognitive radio users or secondary users) need to vacate the spectrum band once the licensed device (primary user) is detected. Cognitive capability and reconfigurability are the key characteristics of cog…
Today's wireless networks are characterized by fixed spectrum assignment policy. The limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage necessitate a new communication paradigm to exploit the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. Cognitive radio is a paradigm for wireless communication in which either a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. In this work, a fuzzy logic based system for spectrum management is proposed where the radio can share unuse…
Cluster structure in cognitive radio networks facilitates cooperative spectrum sensing, routing and other functionalities. The unlicensed channels, which are available for every member of a group of cognitive radio users, consolidate the group into a cluster, and the availability of unlicensed channels decides the robustness of that cluster against the licensed users' influence. This paper analyses the problem that how to form robust clusters in cognitive radio network, so that more cognitive radio users can get benefits from cluster structure even when the primary users' operation are intense…
Due to the dramatic growth in mobile data traffic on one hand and the scarcity of the licensed spectrum on the other hand, mobile operators are considering the use of unlicensed bands (especially those in 5 GHz) as complementary spectrum for providing higher system capacity and better user experience. This approach is currently being standardized by 3GPP under the name of LTE Licensed-Assisted Access (LTE-LAA). In this paper, we take a holistic approach for LTE-LAA small cell traffic balancing by jointly optimizing the use of the licensed and unlicensed bands. We pose this traffic balancing as…
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), unlicensed users are allowed to access the licensed spectrum when it is not currently being used by primary users (PUs). In this paper, we study the throughput maximization problem for a multi-channel CRN where each SU can only sense a limited number of channels. We show that this problem is strongly NP-hard, and propose an approximation algorithm with a factor at least $1/2μ$ where $μ\in [1,2]$ is a system parameter reflecting the sensing capability of SUs across channels and their sensing budgets. This performance guarantee is achieved by exploiting a nice…
The rapidly growing number of wireless devices running applications that require high bandwidths, has resulted in increasing demands for the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Given the scarcity of allocated unlicensed frequencies, meeting such demands can become a serious concern. Cognitive Radio (CR)technology opens the door for the opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum to partially address the issues relevant to the limited availability of unlicensed frequencies. Combining CR and Wi-Fi to form the socalled White-Fi networks, has been proposed for achieving higher spectrum utilization. This…
In cognitive radio networks (CRN), Out-of-Band (OoB) spectrum sensing provides seamless communication. Cognitive radio (CR) users, so called secondary users (SUs), should avoid interference with primary users (PUs), the owner of the licensed band, while trying to access the unused licensed or unlicensed band, for spectrum utilization. When PUs request to access their band, SUs need to vacate the band, thus it is inconvenient to provide seamless communication without OoB sensing. In this paper, we suggest an OoB sensing algorithm to guarantee seamless communication and also minimize the interfe…
LTE in the unlicensed band (LTE-U) is a promising solution to overcome the scarcity of the wireless spectrum. However, to reap the benefits of LTE-U, it is essential to maintain its effective coexistence with WiFi systems. Such a coexistence, hence, constitutes a major challenge for LTE-U deployment. In this paper, the problem of unlicensed spectrum sharing among WiFi and LTE-U system is studied. In particular, a fair time sharing model based on \emph{ruin theory} is proposed to share redundant spectral resources from the unlicensed band with LTE-U without jeopardizing the performance of the W…
Delay Sensitive Communications over Cognitive Radio Networks
Beijing Space Technology Development and Test Center, China Academy of Space Technology（北京空间技术研制试验中心，中国空间技术研究院）；State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University（北京大学先进光通信系统与国家网络重点实验室）；Department of Information Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学信息工程系）
Agentic DDQN-Based Scheduling for Licensed and Unlicensed Band Allocation in Sidelink Networks
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering（电子与电气工程系）；Institute of Communications Engineering（通讯工程研究所）；National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（阳明交通大学）；Research Center for Information Technology Innovation（信息技术创新研究中心）；Academia Sinica（台湾“中央研究院”）；Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering（电气与计算机工程系）
Network operators are looking towards LTE License Assisted Access (LAA) as a means of extending capacity by offloading traffic to unlicensed bands. However, operation in these bands requires abiding to certain coexistence rules in terms of channel access. The description of these rules in existing literature is not always in line with the latest standards. Therefore, in this paper, we clarify the operation of LAA, focusing on channel access and methods of providing Quality of Service (QoS) support. In terms of coexistence, we evaluate the impact of LAA under its various QoS settings on Wi-Fi p…
In this paper, we tackle the problem of opportunistic spectrum access in large-scale cognitive radio networks, where the unlicensed Secondary Users (SU) access the frequency channels partially occupied by the licensed Primary Users (PU). Each channel is characterized by an availability probability unknown to the SUs. We apply evolutionary game theory to model the spectrum access problem and develop distributed spectrum access policies based on imitation, a behavior rule widely applied in human societies consisting of imitating successful behavior. We first develop two imitation-based spectrum …
The base station (BS) in a multi-channel cognitive radio (CR) network has to broadcast to secondary (or unlicensed) receivers/users on more than one broadcast channels via channel hopping (CH), because a single broadcast channel can be reclaimed by the primary (or licensed) user, leading to broadcast failures. Meanwhile, a secondary receiver needs to synchronize its clock with the BS's clock to avoid broadcast failures caused by the possible clock drift between the CH sequences of the secondary receiver and the BS. In this paper, we propose a CH-based broadcast protocol called SASS, which enab…
Over the past decade we have witnessed a rapid growth and development in wireless communication systems, to the point that conventional spectrum allocation policies may not be able to fulfill them all. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licenses certain frequency segments to a particular user in a particular geographic area. Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands have also been envisioned for all other unlicensed user to share, as long as they follow certain power regulations. But with the recent boom in the wireless technologies, these open channels have become overcrowded …
A noncooperative game theoretical approach for analysing opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) in cognitive radio (CR) environments is proposed. New concepts from game theory are applied to spectrum access analysis in order to extract rules of behaviour for an emerging environment. In order to assess OSA scenarios of CRs, two oligopoly game models are reformulated in terms of resource access: Cournot and Stackelberg games. Five CR scenes are analysed: simultaneous access of unlicensed users (commons regime) with symmetric and asymmetric costs, with and without bandwidth constraints and sequentia…
Enhancing the current services or deploying new services operating in RF spectrum requires more licensed spectrum which may not be provided by the regulatory bodies because of spectrum scarcity. On the contrary, recent studies suggest that many portions of the licensed spectrum remains unused or underused for significant period of time raising the issue of spectrum access without license in an opportunistic manner. Among all the spectrum accessing techniques, sensing based methods are considered optimal for their simplicity and cost effectiveness. In this paper, we introduce a new cooperative …
The 60 GHz band (57-71 GHz) has been attracting considerable research interest thanks to the bandwidth abundance and ruling as an unlicensed band. The 60 GHz Wi-Fi (also known as WiGig) and 5G New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U) are among the key access technologies that will operate in the band. This paper inspects the downlink performance of the two technologies under inter-technology interference from each other in 60 GHz band. Based on a dense small-cell setting, this paper finds stochastic models for signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and data rate. Via simulations, this paper discove…
Our paper deals with a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and its implementation on a Software Defined Radio (SDR) for IEEE 802.15.4e Networks. The network nodes select the carrier frequency after Energy-Detection based Spectrum Sensing (SS). To ensure frequency hoping between two nodes in IEEE 802.15.4e Network, we propose a synchronization algorithm. We considerate the IEEE 802.15.4e Network is Secondary User (SU), and all other networks are Primary Users (PUs) in unlicensed 868/915 MHz and 2450 MHz bands of a Cognitive Radio (CR). However, the algorithm and the energy-sensor have been implemente…
Cognitive Radio Networks allow unlicensed users to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum without causing disruptive interference to the primary users (PUs). One of the main challenges in CRNs is the ability to detect PU transmissions. Recent works have suggested the use of secondary user (SU) cooperation over individual sensing to improve sensing accuracy. In this paper, we consider a CRN consisting of a single PU and multiple SUs to study the problem of maximizing the total expected system throughput. We propose a Bayesian decision rule based algorithm to solve the problem optimally …
Cognitive Radio has been proposed as a key technology to significantly improve spectrum usage in wireless networks by enabling unlicensed users to access unused resource. We present new algorithms that are needed for the implementation of opportunistic scheduling policies that maximize the throughput utilization of resources by secondary users, under maximum interference constraints imposed by existing primary users. Our approach is based on the Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm, which is advantageous due to its simplicity and potential for distributed implementation. We examine convergence pr…
In underlay cognitive radio networks, unlicensed secondary users are allowed to share the spectrum with licensed primary users when the interference induced on the primary transmission is limited. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative transmission scheme for cognitive radio networks where a relay node is able to help both the primary and secondary transmissions. We derive exact closed-form and upper bound expressions of the conditional primary and secondary outage probabilities over Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, we proposed a simple power allocation algorithm. Finally, using num…
Traditionally, two different policies to access the radio spectrum have coexisted: licensed regulation, whereby the rights to use specific spectral bands are granted in exclusivity to an individual operator; or unlicensed regulation, according to which certain spectral bands are declared open for free use by any operator or individual following specific rules. While these paradigms have allowed the wireless communications sector to blossom in the past, in recent years they have evidenced shortcomings and given signs of exhaustion. For instance, it is quite usual to encounter fully overloaded m…
With the advent of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, various networking consumer industrial and autonomous systems exchange messages in the real world in order to achieve their objectives. Parts of these systems are comprised of short-range wireless networks in the form of clusters that collectively cover a large geographical area. In these clusters, the nodes that represent the cluster heads need to deal with two types of communications: one is within the cluster and the other is from the cluster to the sink node. As the number of clusters increases, it takes multiple hops for the clus…
Dynamic spectrum access allows the unlicensed wireless users (secondary users) to dynamically access the licensed bands from legacy spectrum holders (primary users) either on an opportunistic or a cooperative basis. In this paper, we focus on cooperative spectrum sharing in a wireless network consisting of multiple primary and multiple secondary users. In particular, we study the partner-selection and resource-allocation problems within a matching theory framework, in which the primary and secondary users aim at optimizing their utilities in terms of transmission rate and power consumption. We…
Regulatory radio spectrum management is evolving from traditional static frequency allocation and assignment schemes towards dynamic spectrum management and access schemes. This evolution is necessitated by a number of factors including underutilization of licensed spectrum bands, changing market and technological developments and increased demand for spectrum for emerging applications in multimedia communications, internet-of-things and fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. In simple terms dynamic spectrum management involves allowing unlicensed users known as secondary users (SUs) to acce…
This paper describes the principles and implementation results of reinforcement learning algorithms on IoT devices for radio collision mitigation in ISM unlicensed bands. Learning is here used to improve both the IoT network capability to support a larger number of objects as well as the autonomy of IoT devices. We first illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in a proof-of-concept based on USRP software radio platforms operating on real radio signals. It shows how collisions with other RF signals present in the ISM band are diminished for a given IoT device. Then we describe the fi…
The growth of wireless devices affects the availability of limited frequencies or spectrum bands as it has been known that spectrum bands are a natural resource that cannot be added. Meanwhile, the licensed frequencies are idle most of the time. Cognitive radio is one of the solutions to solve those problems. Cognitive radio is a promising technology that allows the unlicensed users, known as secondary users (SUs) to access licensed bands without making interference to licensed users or primary users (PUs). As cloud computing has become popular in recent years, cognitive radio networks (CRNs) …
Opportunistic usage of spectrum owned by licensed (or primary) users is the cornerstone on which the Cognitive Radio technology is built. Unlicensed (or secondary) users that thus use the spectrum rely opportunistically on spectrum sensing to determine the presence of primary user signal. In such a context, an attacker may mimic the behavior of a primary user (PU) to deceive the secondary users (SUs) into believing that a PU signal is present whereas it is not. Such an attack is known as the Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA). A malicious user may launch a PUEA with the intention of grabbing…
In the last decade, the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has caused unlicensed radio spectrum, especially the 2.4 GHz ISM band, to be immensely crowded with smart wireless devices that are used in a wide range of application domains. Due to their diversity in radio resource use and channel access techniques, when collocated, these wireless devices create interference with each other, known as Cross-Technology Interference (CTI), which can lead to increased packet losses and energy consumption. CTI is a significant problem for low-power wireless networks, such as IEEE 802.15.4, as it…
Visible-light communication (VLC) has emerged as a prominent technology to address the radio spectrum shortage. It is characterized by the unlicensed and unexploited high bandwidth, and provides the system with cost-effective advantages because of the dual-use of light bulbs for illumination and communication and the low complexity design. It is considered to be utilized in various telecommunication systems, including 5G, and represents the key technology for light-fidelity. To this end, VLC has to be integrated into the existing telecommunication networks. Therefore, its analysis as a network…
In this paper, we propose, implement, and test two novel downlink LTE scheduling algorithms. The implementation and testing of these algorithms were in Matlab, and they are based on the use of Reinforcement Learning, more specifically, the Qlearning technique for scheduling two types of users. The first algorithm is called a Collaborative scheduling algorithm, and the second algorithm is called a Competitive scheduling algorithm. The first type of the scheduled users is the Primary Users, and they are the licensed subscribers that pay for their service. The second type of the scheduled users i…
The IEEE 802.11ad WiFi amendment enables short-range multi-gigabit communications in the unlicensed 60~GHz spectrum, unlocking new interesting applications such as wireless Augmented and Virtual Reality. The characteristics of the mmWave band and directional communications allow increasing the system throughput by scheduling pairs of nodes with low cross-interfering channels in the same time-frequency slot. On the other hand, this requires significantly more signaling overhead. Furthermore, IEEE 802.11ad introduces a hybrid MAC characterized by two different channel access mechanisms: contenti…
Dynamic spectrum sharing is a promising technology to improve spectrum utilization in the future wireless networks. The flexible spectrum management provides new opportunities for licensed primary user and unlicensed secondary users to reallocate the spectrum resource efficiently. In this paper, we present an oligopoly pricing framework for dynamic spectrum allocation in which the primary users sell excessive spectrum to the secondary users for monetary return. We present two approaches, the strict constraints (type-I) and the QoS penalty (type-II), to model the realistic situation that the pr…
Radio communications is one of the most disruptive technologies in railways, enabling a huge set of value-added services that greatly improve many aspects of railways, making them more efficient, safer, and profitable. Lately, some major technologies like ERTMS for high-speed railways and CBTC for subways have made possible a reduction of headway and increased safety never before seen in this field. The railway industry is now looking at wireless communications with great interest, and this can be seen in many projects around the world. Thus, railway radio communications is again a flourishing…
Wireless transmission using non-contiguous chunks of spectrum is becoming increasingly important due to a variety of scenarios such as: secondary users avoiding incumbent users in TV white space; anticipated spectrum sharing between commercial and military systems; and spectrum sharing among uncoordinated interferers in unlicensed bands. Multi-Channel Multi-Radio (MCMR) platforms and Non-Contiguous Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (NC-OFDMA) technology are the two commercially viable transmission choices to access these non-contiguous spectrum chunks. Fixed MC-MRs do not scale wit…
Wireless engineers and business planners commonly raise the question on where, when, and how millimeter-wave (mmWave) will be used in 5G and beyond. Since the next generation network is not just a new radio access standard, but instead an integration of networks for vertical markets with diverse applications, answers to the question depend on scenarios and use cases to be deployed. This paper gives four 5G mmWave deployment examples and describes in chronological order the scenarios and use cases of their probable deployment, including expected system architectures and hardware prototypes. The…
One promising approach to address the supply-demand mismatch between the terrestrial infrastructure and the temporary and/or unexpected traffic demands is to leverage the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies. Motivated by the recent advancement of UAV technologies and retromodulator based free space optical communication, we propose a novel edge-computing empowered radio access network architecture where the fronthaul and backhaul links are mounted on the UAVs for rapid event response and flexible deployment. The implementation of hardware and networking technologies for the proposed arc…
