This paper presents static object detection and segmentation method in videos from cluttered scenes. Robust static object detection is still challenging task due to presence of moving objects in many surveillance applications. The level of difficulty is extremely influenced by on how you label the object to be identified as static that do not establish the original background but appeared in the video at different time. In this context, background subtraction technique based on the frame difference concept is applied to the identification of static objects. Firstly, we estimate a frame differencing foreground mask image by computing the difference of each frame with respect to a static reference frame. The Mixture of Gaussian MOG method is applied to detect the moving particles and then outcome foreground mask is subtracted from frame differencing foreground mask. Pre-processing techniques, illumination equalization and de-hazing methods are applied to handle low contrast and to reduce the noise from scattered materials in the air e.g. water droplets and dust particles. Finally, a set of mathematical morphological operation and largest connected-component analysis is applied to segment the object and suppress the noise. The proposed method was built for rock breaker station application and effectively validated with real, synthetic and two public data sets. The results demonstrate the proposed approach can robustly detect, segmented the static objects without any prior information of tracking.
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Henan University of Science and Technology（河南科技大学）
Few researches have been proposed specifically for real-time semantic segmentation in rainy environments. However, the demand in this area is huge and it is challenging for lightweight networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a lightweight network which is specially designed for the foreground segmentation in rainy environments, named De-raining Semantic Segmentation Network (DRSNet). By analyzing the characteristics of raindrops, the MultiScaleSE Block is targetedly designed to encode the input image, it uses multi-scale dilated convolutions to increase the receptive field, and SE attention m…
Instance segmentation methods require large datasets with expensive and thus limited instance-level mask labels. Partially supervised instance segmentation aims to improve mask prediction with limited mask labels by utilizing the more abundant weak box labels. In this work, we show that a class agnostic mask head, commonly used in partially supervised instance segmentation, has difficulties learning a general concept of foreground for the weakly annotated classes using box supervision only. To resolve this problem we introduce an object mask prior (OMP) that provides the mask head with the gen…
Cell Instance Segmentation: The Devil Is in the Boundaries
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame（计算机科学与工程系，诺丁汉大学）；Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften–ISAS–e.V.（莱比锡分析科学研究所）；School of Computing and Informatics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette（计算与信息学系，路易斯安那州立大学拉斐特分校）
New York University（纽约大学）；Polytechnic School of Engineering（理工学院）
We propose an algorithm for separating the foreground (mainly text and line graphics) from the smoothly varying background in screen content images. The proposed method is designed based on the assumption that the background part of the image is smoothly varying and can be represented by a linear combination of a few smoothly varying basis functions, while the foreground text and graphics create sharp discontinuity and cannot be modeled by this smooth representation. The algorithm separates the background and foreground using a least absolute deviation method to fit the smooth model to the ima…
Université d’Abomey-Calavi（阿波美-卡拉维大学）；Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale（滨海阿尔卑斯大学）
Background modeling techniques are used for moving object detection in video. Many algorithms exist in the field of object detection with different purposes. In this paper, we propose an improvement of moving object detection based on codebook segmentation. We associate the original codebook algorithm with an edge detection algorithm. Our goal is to prove the efficiency of using an edge detection algorithm with a background modeling algorithm. Throughout our study, we compared the quality of the moving object detection when codebook segmentation algorithm is associated with some standard edge …
DiSa: Saliency-Aware Foreground-Background Disentangled Framework for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University（计算机科学与工程系，莱恩大学）；Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Engineering, Lehigh University（工程系，莱恩大学）；Qualcomm AI Research（高通人工智能研究）
University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Utah State University（犹他州立大学）
One popular approach to interactively segment the foreground object of interest from an image is to annotate a bounding box that covers the foreground object. Then, a binary labeling is performed to achieve a refined segmentation. One major issue of the existing algorithms for such interactive image segmentation is their preference of an input bounding box that tightly encloses the foreground object. This increases the annotation burden, and prevents these algorithms from utilizing automatically detected bounding boxes. In this paper, we develop a new LooseCut algorithm that can handle cases w…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Zhejiang Lab（之江实验室）；Stevens Institute of Technology（斯蒂文斯理工学院）；Jiangsu University of Science and Technology（江苏科技大学）
When confronted with objects of unknown types in an image, humans can effortlessly and precisely tell their visual boundaries. This recognition mechanism and underlying generalization capability seem to contrast to state-of-the-art image segmentation networks that rely on large-scale category-aware annotated training samples. In this paper, we make an attempt towards building models that explicitly account for visual boundary knowledge, in hope to reduce the training effort on segmenting unseen categories. Specifically, we investigate a new task termed as Boundary Knowledge Translation (BKT). …
Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织）；EPFL（瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院）；The Australian National University (ANU)（澳大利亚国立大学）
Pixel-level annotations are expensive and time consuming to obtain. Hence, weak supervision using only image tags could have a significant impact in semantic segmentation. Recently, CNN-based methods have proposed to fine-tune pre-trained networks using image tags. Without additional information, this leads to poor localization accuracy. This problem, however, was alleviated by making use of objectness priors to generate foreground/background masks. Unfortunately these priors either require training pixel-level annotations/bounding boxes, or still yield inaccurate object boundaries. Here, we p…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Eastern Institute for Advanced Study（东方理工高等研究院）；Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）
Few-shot semantic segmentation task aims at performing segmentation in query images with a few annotated support samples. Currently, few-shot segmentation methods mainly focus on leveraging foreground information without fully utilizing the rich background information, which could result in wrong activation of foreground-like background regions with the inadaptability to dramatic scene changes of support-query image pairs. Meanwhile, the lack of detail mining mechanism could cause coarse parsing results without some semantic components or edge areas since prototypes have limited ability to cop…
This paper considers how to separate text and/or graphics from smooth background in screen content and mixed document images and proposes two approaches to perform this segmentation task. The proposed methods make use of the fact that the background in each block is usually smoothly varying and can be modeled well by a linear combination of a few smoothly varying basis functions, while the foreground text and graphics create sharp discontinuity. The algorithms separate the background and foreground pixels by trying to fit background pixel values in the block into a smooth function using two di…
In this paper, we propose a novel fully convolutional two-stream fusion network (FCTSFN) for interactive image segmentation. The proposed network includes two sub-networks: a two-stream late fusion network (TSLFN) that predicts the foreground at a reduced resolution, and a multi-scale refining network (MSRN) that refines the foreground at full resolution. The TSLFN includes two distinct deep streams followed by a fusion network. The intuition is that, since user interactions are more direct information on foreground/background than the image itself, the two-stream structure of the TSLFN reduce…
Sparse decomposition has been widely used for different applications, such as source separation, image classification and image denoising. This paper presents a new algorithm for segmentation of an image into background and foreground text and graphics using sparse decomposition. First, the background is represented using a suitable smooth model, which is a linear combination of a few smoothly varying basis functions, and the foreground text and graphics are modeled as a sparse component overlaid on the smooth background. Then the background and foreground are separated using a sparse decompos…
A common approach for moving objects segmentation in a scene is to perform a background subtraction. Several methods have been proposed in this domain. However, they lack the ability of handling various difficult scenarios such as illumination changes, background or camera motion, camouflage effect, shadow etc. To address these issues, we propose a robust and flexible encoder-decoder type neural network based approach. We adapt a pre-trained convolutional network, i.e. VGG-16 Net, under a triplet framework in the encoder part to embed an image in multiple scales into the feature space and use …
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Smart Vision Systems, CSIRO（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织智能视觉系统）；CVLab, EPFL（洛桑联邦理工学院计算机视觉实验室）
Pixel-level annotations are expensive and time-consuming to obtain. Hence, weak supervision using only image tags could have a significant impact in semantic segmentation. Recent years have seen great progress in weakly-supervised semantic segmentation, whether from a single image or from videos. However, most existing methods are designed to handle a single background class. In practical applications, such as autonomous navigation, it is often crucial to reason about multiple background classes. In this paper, we introduce an approach to doing so by making use of classifier heatmaps. We then …
Sparse decomposition has been widely used for different applications, such as source separation, image classification, image denoising and more. This paper presents a new algorithm for segmentation of an image into background and foreground text and graphics using sparse decomposition and total variation minimization. The proposed method is designed based on the assumption that the background part of the image is smoothly varying and can be represented by a linear combination of a few smoothly varying basis functions, while the foreground text and graphics can be modeled with a sparse componen…
Geospatial object segmentation, as a particular semantic segmentation task, always faces with larger-scale variation, larger intra-class variance of background, and foreground-background imbalance in the high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing imagery. However, general semantic segmentation methods mainly focus on scale variation in the natural scene, with inadequate consideration of the other two problems that usually happen in the large area earth observation scene. In this paper, we argue that the problems lie on the lack of foreground modeling and propose a foreground-aware relation n…
This paper presents a method for automatic video object segmentation based on the fusion of motion stream, appearance stream, and instance-aware segmentation. The proposed scheme consists of a two-stream fusion network and an instance segmentation network. The two-stream fusion network again consists of motion and appearance stream networks, which extract long-term temporal and spatial information, respectively. Unlike the existing two-stream fusion methods, the proposed fusion network blends the two streams at the original resolution for obtaining accurate segmentation boundary. We develop a …
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）；Central South University（中南大学）
Automatic image segmentation technology is critical to the visual analysis. The autoencoder architecture has satisfying performance in various image segmentation tasks. However, autoencoders based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) seem to encounter a bottleneck in improving the accuracy of semantic segmentation. Increasing the inter-class distance between foreground and background is an inherent characteristic of the segmentation network. However, segmentation networks pay too much attention to the main visual difference between foreground and background, and ignores the detailed edge inf…
Sparse decomposition has been extensively used for different applications including signal compression and denoising and document analysis. In this paper, sparse decomposition is used for image segmentation. The proposed algorithm separates the background and foreground using a sparse-smooth decomposition technique such that the smooth and sparse components correspond to the background and foreground respectively. This algorithm is tested on several test images from HEVC test sequences and is shown to have superior performance over other methods, such as the hierarchical k-means clustering in …
Object segmentation plays an important role in the modern medical image analysis, which benefits clinical study, disease diagnosis, and surgery planning. Given the various modalities of medical images, the automated or semi-automated segmentation approaches have been used to identify and parse organs, bones, tumors, and other regions-of-interest (ROI). However, these contemporary segmentation approaches tend to fail to predict the boundary areas of ROI, because of the fuzzy appearance contrast caused during the imaging procedure. To further improve the segmentation quality of boundary areas, w…
Background Matters: A Cross-view Bidirectional Modeling Framework for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation
State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University（新型软件技术国家重点实验室，南京大学）；College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University（福州大学物理与信息工程学院）；National Institute of Healthcare Data Science, Nanjing University（健康数据科学国家研究院，南京大学）；Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital（南京鼓楼医院）
Spectral graph theory is well known and widely used in computer vision. In this paper, we analyze image segmentation algorithms that are based on spectral graph theory, e.g., normalized cut, and show that there is a natural connection between spectural graph theory based image segmentationand and edge preserving filtering. Based on this connection we show that the normalized cut algorithm is equivalent to repeated iterations of bilateral filtering. Then, using this equivalence we present and implement a fast normalized cut algorithm for image segmentation. Experiments show that our implementat…
Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；NAVER AI Lab（NAVER人工智能实验室）；University of Tübingen（图宾根大学）；Sogang University（西江大学）
Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) methods are often built on pixel-level localization maps obtained from a classifier. However, training on class labels only, classifiers suffer from the spurious correlation between foreground and background cues (e.g. train and rail), fundamentally bounding the performance of WSSS. There have been previous endeavors to address this issue with additional supervision. We propose a novel source of information to distinguish foreground from the background: Out-of-Distribution (OoD) data, or images devoid of foreground object classes. In particular, w…
Weakly Supervised Segmentation Framework for Thyroid Nodule Based on High-confidence Labels and High-rationality Losses
Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering, Northeastern University（机器人科学与工程学院，东北大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University（中国医科大学附属盛京医院超声科）
This paper presents a novel framework in which video/image segmentation and localization are cast into a single optimization problem that integrates information from low level appearance cues with that of high level localization cues in a very weakly supervised manner. The proposed framework leverages two representations at different levels, exploits the spatial relationship between bounding boxes and superpixels as linear constraints and simultaneously discriminates between foreground and background at bounding box and superpixel level. Different from previous approaches that mainly rely on d…
Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；Wenzhou-Kean University（温州肯恩大学）；Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence of Robotics of Society（深圳市人工智能与机器人研究院）
While class activation map (CAM) generated by image classification network has been widely used for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) and semantic segmentation (WSSS), such classifiers usually focus on discriminative object regions. In this paper, we propose Contrastive learning for Class-agnostic Activation Map (C$^2$AM) generation only using unlabeled image data, without the involvement of image-level supervision. The core idea comes from the observation that i) semantic information of foreground objects usually differs from their backgrounds; ii) foreground objects with similar a…
Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Göttingen（哥廷根大学数学随机过程研究所）；Felix-Bernstein-Institute for Mathematical Statistics in the Biosciences, University of Göttingen（哥廷根大学生物科学数学统计费利克斯·伯恩斯坦研究所）
Fingerprint recognition plays an important role in many commercial applications and is used by millions of people every day, e.g. for unlocking mobile phones. Fingerprint image segmentation is typically the first processing step of most fingerprint algorithms and it divides an image into foreground, the region of interest, and background. Two types of error can occur during this step which both have a negative impact on the recognition performance: 'true' foreground can be labeled as background and features like minutiae can be lost, or conversely 'true' background can be misclassified as fore…
Background Activation Suppression for Weakly Supervised Object Localization and Semantic Segmentation
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center（合肥综合性国家科学中心人工智能研究院）
This paper describes a fast and accurate semantic image segmentation approach that encodes not only the discriminative features from deep neural networks, but also the high-order context compatibility among adjacent objects as well as low level image features. We formulate the underlying problem as the conditional random field that embeds local feature extraction, clique potential construction, and guided filtering within the same framework, and provide an efficient coarse-to-fine solver. At the coarse level, we combine local feature representation and context interaction using a deep convolut…
Multi-dimension Transformer with Attention-based Filtering for Medical Image Segmentation
University of Alabama at Birmingham（阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校）；Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学）；Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College（阿里布尔杜阿尔政府工程与管理学院）
College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学工程与计算机科学学院）；Data61-CSIRO（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织 Data61）；CVLab, EPFL（洛桑联邦理工学院计算机视觉实验室）
Pixel-level annotations are expensive and time consuming to obtain. Hence, weak supervision using only image tags could have a significant impact in semantic segmentation. Recently, CNN-based methods have proposed to fine-tune pre-trained networks using image tags. Without additional information, this leads to poor localization accuracy. This problem, however, was alleviated by making use of objectness priors to generate foreground/background masks. Unfortunately these priors either require pixel-level annotations/bounding boxes, or still yield inaccurate object boundaries. Here, we propose a …
In the recent years, public use of artistic effects for editing and beautifying images has encouraged researchers to look for new approaches to this task. Most of the existing methods apply artistic effects to the whole image. Exploitation of neural network vision technologies like object detection and semantic segmentation could be a new viewpoint in this area. In this paper, we utilize an instance segmentation neural network to obtain a class mask for separately filtering the background and foreground of an image. We implement a top prior-mask selection to let us select an object class for f…
Domain generalization in semantic segmentation aims to alleviate the performance degradation on unseen domains through learning domain-invariant features. Existing methods diversify images in the source domain by adding complex or even abnormal textures to reduce the sensitivity to domain specific features. However, these approaches depend heavily on the richness of the texture bank, and training them can be time-consuming. In contrast to importing textures arbitrarily or augmenting styles randomly, we focus on the single source domain itself to achieve generalization. In this paper, we presen…
Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Fraunhofer IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形学研究所）；TU Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）
Accurate and fast foreground object extraction is very important for object tracking and recognition in video surveillance. Although many background subtraction (BGS) methods have been proposed in the recent past, it is still regarded as a tough problem due to the variety of challenging situations that occur in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we explore this problem from a new perspective and propose a novel background subtraction framework with real-time semantic segmentation (RTSS). Our proposed framework consists of two components, a traditional BGS segmenter $\mathcal{B}$ and a real-t…
University of Wuppertal（伍珀塔尔大学）；Aptiv Services Deutschland GmbH（安波福德国服务有限公司）
To ensure safety in automated driving, the correct perception of the situation inside the car is as important as its environment. Thus, seat occupancy detection and classification of detected instances play an important role in interior sensing. By the knowledge of the seat occupancy status, it is possible to, e.g., automate the airbag deployment control. Furthermore, the presence of a driver, which is necessary for partially automated driving cars at the automation levels two to four can be verified. In this work, we compare different statistical methods from the field of image segmentation t…
Semantic segmentation is important in medical image analysis. Inspired by the strong ability of traditional image analysis techniques in capturing shape priors and inter-subject similarity, many deep learning (DL) models have been recently proposed to exploit such prior information and achieved robust performance. However, these two types of important prior information are usually studied separately in existing models. In this paper, we propose a novel DL model to model both type of priors within a single framework. Specifically, we introduce an extra encoder into the classic encoder-decoder s…
Few-shot segmentation (FSS) methods perform image segmentation for a particular object class in a target (query) image, using a small set of (support) image-mask pairs. Recent deep neural network based FSS methods leverage high-dimensional feature similarity between the foreground features of the support images and the query image features. In this work, we demonstrate gaps in the utilization of this similarity information in existing methods, and present a framework - SimPropNet, to bridge those gaps. We propose to jointly predict the support and query masks to force the support features to s…
We address the problem of weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) using bounding box annotations. Although object bounding boxes are good indicators to segment corresponding objects, they do not specify object boundaries, making it hard to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation. We find that background regions are perceptually consistent in part within an image, and this can be leveraged to discriminate foreground and background regions inside object bounding boxes. To implement this idea, we propose a novel pooling method, dubbed background-aware pooling (…
Relevant Intrinsic Feature Enhancement Network for Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation
School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；Alibaba group（阿里巴巴集团）
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY TANDON SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING（纽约大学坦登工程学院）；Sharif University of Technology（沙里夫理工大学）；Huawei Research Labs（华为研究实验室）
Image foreground extraction is a classical problem in image processing and vision, with a large range of applications. In this dissertation, we focus on the extraction of text and graphics in mixed-content images, and design novel approaches for various aspects of this problem. We first propose a sparse decomposition framework, which models the background by a subspace containing smooth basis vectors, and foreground as a sparse and connected component. We then formulate an optimization framework to solve this problem, by adding suitable regularizations to the cost function to promote the desir…
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the backbone of state-of-art semantic image segmentation systems. Recent work has shown that complementing CNNs with fully-connected conditional random fields (CRFs) can significantly enhance their object localization accuracy, yet dense CRF inference is computationally expensive. We propose replacing the fully-connected CRF with domain transform (DT), a modern edge-preserving filtering method in which the amount of smoothing is controlled by a reference edge map. Domain transform filtering is several times faster than dense CRF inference and we sh…
Recent advances in self-supervised contrastive learning yield good image-level representation, which favors classification tasks but usually neglects pixel-level detailed information, leading to unsatisfactory transfer performance to dense prediction tasks such as semantic segmentation. In this work, we propose a pixel-wise contrastive learning method called CP2 (Copy-Paste Contrastive Pretraining), which facilitates both image- and pixel-level representation learning and therefore is more suitable for downstream dense prediction tasks. In detail, we copy-paste a random crop from an image (the…
Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
A fast and accurate panoptic segmentation system for LiDAR point clouds is crucial for autonomous driving vehicles to understand the surrounding objects and scenes. Existing approaches usually rely on proposals or clustering to segment foreground instances. As a result, they struggle to achieve real-time performance. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time end-to-end panoptic segmentation network for LiDAR point clouds, called CPSeg. In particular, CPSeg comprises a shared encoder, a dual-decoder, and a cluster-free instance segmentation head, which is able to dynamically pillarize foregro…
The City University of New York（纽约市立大学）；Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；The City College of New York（纽约市立学院）
Deep neural network-based semantic segmentation generally requires large-scale cost extensive annotations for training to obtain better performance. To avoid pixel-wise segmentation annotations which are needed for most methods, recently some researchers attempted to use object-level labels (e.g. bounding boxes) or image-level labels (e.g. image categories). In this paper, we propose a novel recursive coarse-to-fine semantic segmentation framework based on only image-level category labels. For each image, an initial coarse mask is first generated by a convolutional neural network-based unsuper…
