PALM-3000 3.5 kHz升级的设计和性能
Design and performance of the PALM-3000 3.5 kHz upgrade
摘要：
PALM-3000（P3 K）是帕洛玛天文台5.1米海尔望远镜的第二代自适应光学（AO）仪器，于2011年10月作为设施级仪器发布，此后已在天空中使用了600多个夜晚，作为日冕和探测器开发的主力科学仪器和测试平台。2019年底，P3 K对其波前传感器（WFS）臂和实时控制（RTC）系统进行了重大升级，以加强其作为最先进AO设施的地位，并扩展其用于开普勒和TESS目标的高分辨率成像和精确径向速度跟踪的弱端能力。此次升级的主要功能包括一个能够3.5 kHz帧率的EM-CCD WFS相机，以及一个先进的基于数字信号处理器（DSP）的RTC系统，以取代老化的基于GPU的系统。与升级前的系统类似，Shack-Hartmann波前传感器支持使用电动小透镜平台的多个瞳孔采样模式。64 x64子孔径的默认采样模式已于2019年底重新投入使用，并于2019年11月成功返回科学观测。在64倍模式下，升级后的系统已经实现了高达85%的天空K波段Strehl比率，并且可以锁定微弱到mV=16的自然导航星。16 x16子孔径模式计划于2020年秋季进行空中调试，并将进一步扩展系统的微弱限制。在这里，我们介绍了升级后的系统（称为P3 K-II）的设计和空中重新调试结果。
英文摘要：
PALM-3000 (P3K), the second generation adaptive optics (AO) instrument for the 5.1 meter Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory, was released as a facility class instrument in October 2011 and has since been used on-sky for over 600 nights as a workhorse science instrument and testbed for coronagraph and detector development. In late 2019 P3K underwent a significant upgrade to its wavefront sensor (WFS) arm and real-time control (RTC) system to reinforce its position as a state-of-the-art AO facility and extend its faint-end capability for high-resolution imaging and precision radial velocity follow-up of Kepler and TESS targets. The main features of this upgrade include an EM-CCD WFS camera capable of 3.5 kHz framerates, and an advanced Digital signal Processor (DSP) based RTC system to replace the aging GPU based system. Similar to the pre-upgrade system, the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor supports multiple pupil sampling modes using a motorized lenslet stage. The default sampling mode with 64x64 subapertures has been re-commissioned on-sky in late 2019, with a successful return to science observations in November 2019. In 64x mode the upgraded system is already achieving K-band Strehl ratios up to 85% on sky and can lock on natural guide stars as faint as mV=16. A 16x16 subaperture mode is scheduled for on-sky commissioning in Fall 2020 and will extend the system's faint limit even further. Here we present the design and on-sky re-commissioning results of the upgraded system, dubbed P3K-II.
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