Steganography is the art of concealing a secret message within an appropriate-multimedia carrier such as images, audio, video files, and even network packets. Steganographic techniques have been used since ancient times to hide the message from third-parties deemed to be enemies. On one hand, Steganography is a useful technique that has been applied in various useful applications. On the other hand, however, the same technique has been applied and used for the wrong purposes by people who have ill intentions. The increase in computational power and increase in security-awareness over the past few years have propelled the application of steganography in computational security-techniques. Being robust, undetectable, and having a good capacity of hidden-data, steganography has been preferred for hiding data than watermarking and cryptographic-techniques. This paper clarifies the application of steganography on different multimedia-carriers by using various potential tools, methods, and principles to either apply or detect steganography techniques.
In this paper, first, we utilize the Lowner-John ellipsoid of a convex set to hide the lattice data information. We also describe the algorithm of information recovery in polynomial time by employing the Todd-Khachyian algorithm. The importance of lattice data is generally due to their applications in the homomorphic encryption schemes. For this reason we also outline the general scheme of a homomorphic encryption provided by Gentry.
Three-dimensional (3-D) meshes are commonly used to represent virtual surfaces and volumes. Over the past decade, 3-D meshes have emerged in industrial, medical, and entertainment applications, being of large practical significance for 3-D mesh steganography and steganalysis. In this article, we provide a systematic survey of the literature on 3-D mesh steganography and steganalysis. Compared with an earlier survey [1], we propose a new taxonomy of steganographic algorithms with four categories: 1) two-state domain, 2) LSB domain, 3) permutation domain, and 4) transform domain. Regarding stega…
Steganography is a solution for covert communication and blockchain is a p2p network for data transmission, so the benefits of blockchain can be used in steganography. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of blockchain in steganography, which include the ability to embed hidden data without manual change in the original data, as well as the readiness of the blockchain platform for data transmission and storage, which eliminates the need for the Steganographer to design and implement a new platform for data transmission and storage. We have proposed two algorithms for steganography in block…
Informally, steganography is the process of exchanging a secret message between two communicating entities so that an eavesdropper may not know that a message has been sent. After a review of some steganographic systems, we found that these systems have some defects. First, there are situations in which some concealment algorithms do not properly hide a secret message. Second, to conceal one bit of a secret message, some ask at least five documents and make at least two sampling operations, thus increasing their run-times. Considering the different ways to communicate with the receiver, we pro…
Steganography is the practice of concealing a message within some other carrier or cover message. It is used to allow the sending of hidden information through communication channels where third parties would only be aware of the explicit information in the carrier message. With the growth of internet surveillance and the increased need for secret communication, steganography systems continue to find new applications. In semantic steganography, the redundancies in the semantics of a language are used to send a text steganographic message. In this article we go over the concepts behind semantic…
In the past few years, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) which proposed in 2014 has achieved great success. GAN has achieved many research results in the field of computer vision and natural language processing. Image steganography is dedicated to hiding secret messages in digital images, and has achieved the purpose of covert communication. Recently, research on image steganography has demonstrated great potential for using GAN and neural networks. In this paper we review different strategies for steganography such as cover modification, cover selection and cover synthesis by GANs, and…
Network steganography has been a well-known covert data channeling method for over three decades. The basic set of techniques and implementation tools have not changed significantly since their introduction in the early 1980's. In this paper, we review the predominant methods of classical network steganography, describing the detailed operations and resultant challenges involved in embedding data in the network transport domain. We also consider the various cyber threat vectors of network steganography and point out the major differences between classical network steganography and the widely k…
Steganography embraces several hiding techniques which spawn across multiple domains. However, the related terminology is not unified among the different domains, such as digital media steganography, text steganography, cyber-physical systems steganography, network steganography (network covert channels), local covert channels, and out-of-band covert channels. To cope with this, a prime attempt has been done in 2015, with the introduction of the so-called hiding patterns, which allow to describe hiding techniques in a more abstract manner. Despite significant enhancements, the main limitation …
In this paper, the authors propose a new algorithm to hide data inside image using steganography technique. The proposed algorithm uses binary codes and pixels inside an image. The zipped file is used before it is converted to binary codes to maximize the storage of data inside the image. By applying the proposed algorithm, a system called Steganography Imaging System (SIS) is developed. The system is then tested to see the viability of the proposed algorithm. Various sizes of data are stored inside the images and the PSNR (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) is also captured for each of the images te…
In spite of existence of many standard security mechanisms for ensuring secure e-Commerce business, users still fall prey for online attacks. One such simple but powerful attack is 'Phishing'. Phishing is the most alarming threat in the e-Commerce world and effective anti-phishing technique is the need of the hour. This paper focuses on a novel anti-phishing browser plug-in which uses information hiding technique - Steganography. A Robust Message based Image Steganography (RMIS) algorithm has been proposed. The same has been incorporated in the form of a browser plug-in (safari) called Pixasti…
Steganography, as one of the three basic information security systems, has long played an important role in safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of data in cyberspace. Audio is one of the most common means of information transmission in our daily life. Thus it's of great practical significance to using audio as a carrier of information hiding. At present, almost all audio-based information hiding methods are based on carrier modification mode. However, this mode is equivalent to adding noise to the original signal, resulting in a difference in the statistical feature distribution of th…
The purpose of this tutorial is to present an overview of various information hiding techniques. A brief history of steganography is provided along with techniques that were used to hide information. Text, image and audio based information hiding techniques are discussed. This paper also provides a basic introduction to digital watermarking.
By offering sophisticated services and centralizing a huge volume of personal data, modern smartphones changed the way we socialize, entertain and work. To this aim, they rely upon complex hardware/software frameworks leading to a number of vulnerabilities, attacks and hazards to profile individuals or gather sensitive information. However, the majority of works evaluating the security degree of smartphones neglects steganography, which can be mainly used to: i) exfiltrate confidential data via camouflage methods, and ii) conceal valuable or personal information into innocent looking carriers.…
Deep Learning for Steganalysis of Diverse Data Types: A review of methods, taxonomy, challenges and future directions
University of Medea（迈迪亚大学）；University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB)（侯阿里·布迈丁科技大学）；University of Dubai（迪拜大学）；Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)（加泰罗尼亚开放大学）；University of Sharjah（沙迦大学）；De Montfort University（德蒙福特大学）
This paper proposes an improved steganography approach for hiding text messages in lossless RGB images. The objective of this work is to increase the security level and to improve the storage capacity with compression techniques. The security level is increased by randomly distributing the text message over the entire image instead of clustering within specific image portions. Storage capacity is increased by utilizing all the color channels for storing information and providing the source text message compression. The degradation of the images can be minimized by changing only one least signi…
The research discipline of network steganography deals with the hiding of information within network transmissions, e.g. to transfer illicit information in networks with Internet censorship. The last decades of research on network steganography led to more than hundred techniques for hiding data in network transmissions. However, previous research has shown that most of these hiding techniques are either based on the same idea or introduce limited novelty, enabling the application of existing countermeasures. In this paper, we provide a link between the field of creativity and network steganog…
In order to improve the data hiding in all types of multimedia data formats such as image and audio and to make hidden message imperceptible, a novel method for steganography is introduced in this paper. It is based on Least Significant Bit (LSB) manipulation and inclusion of redundant noise as secret key in the message. This method is applied to data hiding in images. For data hiding in audio, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) both are used. All the results displayed prove to be time-efficient and effective. Also the algorithm is tested for various numbers o…
The needs for steganographic techniques for hiding secret message inside images have been arise. This paper is to create a practical steganographic implementation to hide text inside grey scale images. The secret message is hidden inside the cover image using Five Modulus Method. The novel algorithm is called (ST-FMM. FMM which consists of transforming all the pixels within the 5X5 window size into its corresponding multiples of 5. After that, the secret message is hidden inside the 5X5 window as a non-multiples of 5. Since the modulus of non-multiples of 5 are 1,2,3 and 4, therefore; if the r…
Steganography Beyond Space-Time with Chain of Multimodal AI
Information and Society Research Division, National Institute of Informatics（信息与社会研究部，日本信息机构）；Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo（东京大学信息科学与技术研究生院）；School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)（多学科科学学院，研究生高级研究大学（SOKENDAI））
An analysis of steganographic systems subject to the following perfect undetectability condition is presented in this paper. Following embedding of the message into the covertext, the resulting stegotext is required to have exactly the same probability distribution as the covertext. Then no statistical test can reliably detect the presence of the hidden message. We refer to such steganographic schemes as perfectly secure. A few such schemes have been proposed in recent literature, but they have vanishing rate. We prove that communication performance can potentially be vastly improved; specific…
In this article, one of the most important methods of steganography on VoIP called echo hiding is improved. This method has advantages in maintaining the statistical and perceptual characteristics of audio signals as well as security against the sensitivity of the human audio system (HAS). However, it has lots of errors in detecting coded and hidden messages, which is detectable using existing steganalysis methods. The percentage of extracting messages in these improved methods of echo hiding is high, but they lower the security of the method. In this article, a method is presented to improve …
A review study of NIST Statistical Test Suite is undertaken with a motivation to understand all its test algorithms and to write their C codes independently without looking at various sites mentioned in the NIST document. All the codes are tested with the test data given in the NIST document and excellent agreements have been found. The codes have been put together in a package executable in MS Windows platform. Based on the package, exhaustive test runs are executed on three PRNGs, e.g. LCG by Park & Miller, LCG by Knuth and BBSG. Our findings support the present belief that BBSG is a better …
Digital steganography or data hiding has emerged as a new area of research in connection to the communication in secured channel as well as intellectual property protection for multimedia signals. The redundancy in image representation can be exploited successfully to embed specified characteristic information with a good quality of imperceptibility. The hidden multimedia information will be communicated to the authentic user through secured channel as a part of the data. This article deals with a transform domain, block-based and signal non-adaptive/adaptive technique for inserting multimedia…
