迈向两层分层基础设施：中央银行数字货币的离线支付系统
Towards a Two-Tier Hierarchical Infrastructure: An Offline Payment System for Central Bank Digital Currencies
摘要：
传统上，数字支付依赖于与银行、支付网络和支付处理器等多个中介机构的在线通信，以授权和处理支付交易。虽然这些通信网络被设计为在连续的拥塞情况下是高度可用的，但是可能存在终端用户体验很少或没有对网络连接的访问的时候。对数字支付形式的兴趣日益增长，导致世界各地的中央银行探索发行一种新型央行货币的可能性，即央行数字货币（CBDC）。为了促进CBDC的安全发布和传输，我们设想了一种在两层分层信任基础设施下的CBDC设计，该基础设施使用公钥密码学实现，中央银行作为生成数字签名的根证书颁发机构，其他金融机构作为中间证书颁发机构。CBDC的一个重要设计功能可以在这种分层信任基础设施下开发，这是一种离线功能，可以通过使用授权硬件创建安全的点对点离线支付。CBDC作为数字现金的离线功能可以为消费者和企业创建一个弹性支付系统，以便在任何情况下进行交易。我们为CBDC提出了一个离线支付系统（OPS）协议，允许用户在两个用户暂时离线并且无法连接到支付中介（甚至互联网）的情况下向另一个用户进行数字支付。OPS可用于通过点对点通道即时完成涉及任何形式的数字货币的交易，而无需与任何支付中介进行通信，从而实现几乎无限的吞吐量和实时交易延迟。
英文摘要：
Digital payments traditionally rely on online communications with several intermediaries such as banks, payment networks, and payment processors in order to authorize and process payment transactions. While these communication networks are designed to be highly available with continuous uptime, there may be times when an end-user experiences little or no access to network connectivity. The growing interest in digital forms of payments has led central banks around the world to explore the possibility of issuing a new type of central-bank money, known as central bank digital currency (CBDC). To facilitate the secure issuance and transfer of CBDC, we envision a CBDC design under a two-tier hierarchical trust infrastructure, which is implemented using public-key cryptography with the central bank as the root certificate authority for generating digital signatures, and other financial institutions as intermediate certificate authorities. One important design feature for CBDC that can be developed under this hierarchical trust infrastructure is an offline capability to create secure point-to-point offline payments through the use of authorized hardware. An offline capability for CBDC as digital cash can create a resilient payment system for consumers and businesses to transact in any situation. We propose an offline payment system (OPS) protocol for CBDC that allows a user to make digital payments to another user while both users are temporarily offline and unable to connect to payment intermediaries (or even the Internet). OPS can be used to instantly complete a transaction involving any form of digital currency over a point-to-point channel without communicating with any payment intermediary, achieving virtually unbounded throughput and real-time transaction latency.
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