Hiding in the Particles: When Return-Oriented Programming Meets Program Obfuscation
Pietro Borrello, Emilio Coppa, Daniele Cono D'Elia
备注：
Published in the proceedings of DSN'21 (51st IEEE/IFIP Int. Conf. on Dependable Systems and Networks). Code and BibTeX entry available at https://github.com/pietroborrello/raindrop
发表信息：
2021 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)
Largely known for attack scenarios, code reuse techniques at a closer look reveal properties that are appealing also for program obfuscation. We explore the popular return-oriented programming paradigm under this light, transforming program functions into ROP chains that coexist seamlessly with the surrounding software stack. We show how to build chains that can withstand popular static and dynamic deobfuscation approaches, evaluating the robustness and overheads of the design over common programs. The results suggest a significant amount of computational resources would be required to carry a deobfuscation attack for secret finding and code coverage goals.
Attack vectors that compromise machine learning pipelines in the physical world have been demonstrated in recent research, from perturbations to architectural components. Building on this work, we illustrate the self-obfuscation attack: attackers target a pre-processing model in the system, and poison the training set of generative models to obfuscate a specific class during inference. Our contribution is to describe, implement and evaluate a generalized attack, in the hope of raising awareness regarding the challenge of architectural robustness within the machine learning community.
Software obfuscation or obscuring a software is an approach to defeat the practice of reverse engineering a software for using its functionality illegally in the development of another software. Java applications are more amenable to reverse engineering and re-engineering attacks through methods such as decompilation because Java class files store the program in a semi complied form called byte codes. The existing obfuscation systems obfuscate the Java class files. Obfuscated source code produce obfuscated byte codes and hence two level obfuscation (source code and byte code level) of the prog…
Information security is protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal and destruction. CAIN model suggest maintaining the Confidentiality, Authenticity, Integrity and Non-repudiation (CAIN) of information. Oracle 8i, 9i and 11g Databases support SQLJ framework allowing embedding of SQL statements in Java Programs and providing programmer friendly means to access the Oracle database. As cloud computing technology is becoming popular, SQLJ is considered as a flexible and user friendly language for developing distributed applications in grid a…
Array restructuring operations obscure arrays. Our work aims on java source code obfuscation containing arrays. Our main proposal is Classes with restructured array members and obscured member methods for setting, getting array elements and to get the length of arrays. The class method definition codes are obscured through index transformation and constant hiding. The instantiated objects of these classes are used for source code writing. A tool named JDATATRANS is developed for generating classes and to the best of our knowledge this is the first tool available for array restructuring, on jav…
Beyond Vector Hiding: Breaking and Mitigating Shared-Direction Weight Obfuscation in TEE-Offloaded Large Language Models
School of Cyber Science and Technology, Shandong University（山东大学网络空间安全学院）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University（山东大学苏州研究院）
Obfuscation is a technique for protecting hardware intellectual property (IP) blocks against reverse engineering, piracy, and malicious modifications. Current obfuscation efforts mainly focus on functional locking of a design to prevent black-box usage. They do not directly address hiding design intent through structural transformations, which is an important objective of obfuscation. We note that current obfuscation techniques incorporate only: (1) local, and (2) predictable changes in circuit topology. In this paper, we present SAIL, a structural attack on obfuscation using machine learning …
Software obfuscation or obscuring a software is an approach to defeat the practice of reverse engineering a software for using its functionality illegally in the development of another software. Java applications are more amenable to reverse engineering and re-engineering attacks through methods such as decompilation because Java class files store the program in a semi complied form called 'byte' codes. The existing obfuscation systems obfuscate the Java class files. Obfuscated source code produce obfuscated byte codes and hence two level obfuscation (source code and byte code level) of the pr…
To reduce the cost of ICs and to meet the market's demand, a considerable portion of manufacturing supply chain, including silicon fabrication, packaging and testing may be pushed offshore. Utilizing a global IC manufacturing supply chain, and inclusion of non-trusted parties in the supply chain has raised concerns over security and trust related challenges including those of overproduction, counterfeiting, IP piracy, and Hardware Trojans to name a few. To reduce the risk of IC manufacturing in an untrusted and globally distributed supply chain, the researchers have proposed various locking an…
Anonymous social media platforms like Secret, Yik Yak, and Whisper have emerged as important tools for sharing ideas without the fear of judgment. Such anonymous platforms are also important in nations under authoritarian rule, where freedom of expression and the personal safety of message authors may depend on anonymity. Whether for fear of judgment or retribution, it is sometimes crucial to hide the identities of users who post sensitive messages. In this paper, we consider a global adversary who wishes to identify the author of a message; it observes either a snapshot of the spread of a mes…
Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech)（塔林理工大学（TalTech））
Neural networks (NNs) are already deployed in hardware today, becoming valuable intellectual property (IP) as many hours are invested in their training and optimization. Therefore, attackers may be interested in copying, reverse engineering, or even modifying this IP. The current practices in hardware obfuscation, including the widely studied logic locking technique, are insufficient to protect the actual IP of a well-trained NN: its weights. Simply hiding the weights behind a key-based scheme is inefficient (resource-hungry) and inadequate (attackers can exploit knowledge distillation). This …
Threats associated with the untrusted fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs) are numerous: piracy, overproduction, reverse engineering, hardware trojans, etc. The use of reconfigurable elements (i.e., look-up tables as in FPGAs) is a known obfuscation technique. In the extreme case, when the circuit is entirely implemented as an FPGA, no information is revealed to the adversary but at a high cost in area, power, and performance. In the opposite extreme, when the same circuit is implemented as an ASIC, best-in-class performance is obtained but security is compromised. This paper investigates …
Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（巴黎理工学院巴黎电信学院）；University of California San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are well-known to be vulnerable to Adversarial Examples (AEs). A large amount of efforts have been spent to launch and heat the arms race between the attackers and defenders. Recently, advanced gradient-based attack techniques were proposed (e.g., BPDA and EOT), which have defeated a considerable number of existing defense methods. Up to today, there are still no satisfactory solutions that can effectively and efficiently defend against those attacks. In this paper, we make a steady step towards mitigating those advanced gradient-based attacks with two major contrib…
When Label Noise Meets Class Imbalance: A Robust Framework for Android Malware Family Classification
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；NSFOCUS Technologies Group Co., Ltd.（启明星辰信息技术集团股份有限公司）；Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security, Ministry of Education（教育部网络空间安全学院）
A common way to get insight into a malicious program's functionality is to look at which API functions it calls. To complicate the reverse engineering of their programs, malware authors deploy API obfuscation techniques, hiding them from analysts' eyes and anti-malware scanners. This problem can be partially addressed by using dynamic analysis; that is, by executing a malware sample in a controlled environment and logging the API calls. However, malware that is aware of virtual machines and sandboxes might terminate without showing any signs of malicious behavior. In this paper, we introduce a…
This paper aims at answering the following two questions in privacy-preserving data analysis and publishing: What formal privacy guarantee (if any) does $k$-anonymization provide? How to benefit from the adversary's uncertainty about the data? We have found that random sampling provides a connection that helps answer these two questions, as sampling can create uncertainty. The main result of the paper is that $k$-anonymization, when done "safely", and when preceded with a random sampling step, satisfies $(ε,δ)$-differential privacy with reasonable parameters. This result illustrates that "hidi…
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security（CISPA亥姆霍兹信息安全中心）
Perceptual ad-blocking is a novel approach that detects online advertisements based on their visual content. Compared to traditional filter lists, the use of perceptual signals is believed to be less prone to an arms race with web publishers and ad networks. We demonstrate that this may not be the case. We describe attacks on multiple perceptual ad-blocking techniques, and unveil a new arms race that likely disfavors ad-blockers. Unexpectedly, perceptual ad-blocking can also introduce new vulnerabilities that let an attacker bypass web security boundaries and mount DDoS attacks. We first analy…
