arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2012.02985math.STstat.MEstat.TH
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通过随机符号翻转选择PCA中的成分数量

Selecting the number of components in PCA via random signflips

University of Delaware(特拉华大学);University of Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚大学)

David Hong, Yue Sheng, Edgar Dobriban

AI总结:

针对异质噪声下主成分分析中成分数量选择问题,提出基于随机符号翻转的并行分析(FlipPA)方法,并证明其具有非渐近第一类错误控制和一致选择能力。

摘要:

主成分分析(PCA)是现代数据分析中的基础工具,其中关键步骤是选择保留的成分数量。然而,在日益常见的高维异质噪声数据(即每个条目可能具有不同的噪声方差)设置下,经典选择方法(如碎石图、并行分析等)缺乏统计保证。此外,这些在均匀噪声下非常有效的方法在处理异质噪声数据时可能严重失效。本文针对近似对称噪声设置提出了一种新方法,称为符号翻转并行分析(FlipPA):它将数据奇异值与通过以概率1/2随机翻转每个条目符号生成的“经验零”矩阵的奇异值进行比较。我们为FlipPA建立了严格的理论,证明其具有非渐近第一类错误控制,并且在大维极限下(即使噪声异质)能一致选择高于噪声底限的信号的正确秩。我们还严格解释了为什么经典的基于置换的并行分析在异质噪声下性能下降。最后,通过数值模拟和来自天文学数据的示例,我们说明FlipPA与最先进方法相比具有优势。

英文摘要:

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a foundational tool in modern data analysis, and a crucial step in PCA is selecting the number of components to keep. However, classical selection methods (e.g., scree plots, parallel analysis, etc.) lack statistical guarantees in the increasingly common setting of large-dimensional data with heterogeneous noise, i.e., where each entry may have a different noise variance. Moreover, it turns out that these methods, which are highly effective for homogeneous noise, can fail dramatically for data with heterogeneous noise. This paper proposes a new method called signflip parallel analysis (FlipPA) for the setting of approximately symmetric noise: it compares the data singular values to those of "empirical null" matrices generated by flipping the sign of each entry randomly with probability one-half. We develop a rigorous theory for FlipPA, showing that it has nonasymptotic type I error control and that it consistently selects the correct rank for signals rising above the noise floor in the large-dimensional limit (even when the noise is heterogeneous). We also rigorously explain why classical permutation-based parallel analysis degrades under heterogeneous noise. Finally, we illustrate that FlipPA compares favorably to state-of-the-art methods via numerical simulations and an illustration on data coming from astronomy.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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