影响LISA和未来空间干涉仪的自由下落试验质量充电的低能电磁过程
Low-energy electromagnetic processes affecting free-falling test-mass charging for LISA and future space interferometers
摘要：
银河宇宙射线和太阳高能粒子为探测空间引力波的干涉仪上的金铂自由落体测试质量（TM）充电。充电过程会在测试质量上产生杂散力，这会影响这些仪器的灵敏度，主要是在$10^{-3}$ Hz以下。Geant 4和FLUKA进行了蒙特卡罗模拟，以研究2016年至2017年期间LISA探路者任务上的TM充电过程，该任务仍在围绕太阳-地球拉格朗日点L1的轨道上。虽然在TM净充电的模拟和测量之间观察到良好的一致性，但是与正和负粒子的充电波动相关联的散粒噪声导致比预测高3-4倍。这种失配的起源归因于在模拟中仅高于100 eV的电子和光子的传播。在本文中，低能电磁过程将包括在未来的蒙特卡罗模拟的LISA和LISA-like空间干涉仪TM充电。{It发现低于100 eV的电子和光子对有效充电的贡献与高于该能量的整个粒子样品的贡献相当。特别是，对于入射质子电离贡献两次相对于低能量动能发射和电子背散射。其他过程被发现起着微不足道的作用。对于重核，只需要考虑溅射。
英文摘要：
Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles charge gold-platinum, free-falling test masses (TMs) on board interferometers for the detection of gravitational waves in space. The charging process induces spurious forces on the test masses that affect the sensitivity of these instruments mainly below $10^{-3}$ Hz. Geant4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to study the TM charging process on board the LISA Pathfinder mission that remained into orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L1 between 2016 and 2017. While a good agreement was observed between simulations and measurements of the TMs net charging, the shot noise associated with charging fluctuations of both positive and negative particles resulted 3-4 times higher that predicted. The origin of this mismatch was attributed to the propagation of electrons and photons only above 100 eV in the simulations. In this paper, low-energy electromagnetic processes to be included in the future Monte Carlo simulations for LISA and LISA-like space interferometers TM charging are considered. {It is found that electrons and photons below 100 eV give a contribution to the effective charging comparable to that of the whole sample of particles above this energy. In particular, for incident protons ionization contributes twice with respect to low energy kinetic emission and electron backscattering. The other processes are found to play a negligible role. For heavy nuclei only sputtering must be considered.
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