In this contribution we extend an ontology for modelling agents and their interactions, called Ontology for Agents, Systems, and Integration of Services (in short, OASIS), with conditionals and ontological smart contracts (in short, OSCs). OSCs are ontological representations of smart contracts that allow to establish responsibilities and authorizations among agents and set agreements, whereas conditionals allow one to restrict and limit agent interactions, define activation mechanisms that trigger agent actions, and define constraints and contract terms on OSCs. Conditionals and OSCs, as defined in OASIS, are applied to extend with ontological capabilities digital public ledgers such as the blockchain and smart contracts implemented on it. We will also sketch the architecture of a framework based on the OASIS definition of OSCs that exploits the Ethereum platform and the Interplanetary File System.
EPPC-OASIS: Ontology-Aware Adaptation and Structured Inference Refinement for Electronic Patient-Provider Communication Mining in Secure Messages
Yale University（耶鲁大学）；Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic（克利夫兰医学中心勒纳医学院，克利夫兰医学中心）；Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine（耶鲁医学院医学肿瘤学）
The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence（奇点人工智能研究所）
Decision-theoretic agents predict and evaluate the results of their actions using a model, or ontology, of their environment. An agent's goal, or utility function, may also be specified in terms of the states of, or entities within, its ontology. If the agent may upgrade or replace its ontology, it faces a crisis: the agent's original goal may not be well-defined with respect to its new ontology. This crisis must be resolved before the agent can make plans towards achieving its goals. We discuss in this paper which sorts of agents will undergo ontological crises and why we may want to create s…
Our ongoing work aims at defining an ontology-centered approach for building expertise models for the CommonKADS methodology. This approach (which we have named "OntoKADS") is founded on a core problem-solving ontology which distinguishes between two conceptualization levels: at an object level, a set of concepts enable us to define classes of problem-solving situations, and at a meta level, a set of meta-concepts represent modeling primitives. In this article, our presentation of OntoKADS will focus on the core ontology and, in particular, on roles - the primitive situated at the interface be…
High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart（斯图加特高性能计算中心）；UK Research and Innovation（英国研究与创新署）；STFC Daresbury Laboratory（STFC达斯伯里实验室）
The European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) has recently been advanced in the computational molecular engineering and multiscale modelling communities as a top-level ontology, aiming to support semantic interoperability and data integration solutions, e.g., for research data infrastructures. The present work explores how top-level ontologies that are based on the same paradigm - the same set of fundamental postulates - as the EMMO can be applied to models of physical systems and their use in computational engineering practice. This paradigm, which combines mereology (in its extension …
WiseOWL: A Methodology for Evaluating Ontological Descriptiveness and Semantic Correctness for Ontology Reuse and Ontology Recommendations
Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Kansas State University（堪萨斯州立大学）；National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR)（本体研究国家中心（NCOR））；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）；University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center（德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心）；The University of Texas System（德克萨斯大学系统）
In the knowledge engineering community "ontology" is usually defined in the tradition of Gruber as an "explicit specification of a conceptualization". Several variations of this definition exist. In the paper we argue that (with one notable exception) these definitions are of no explanatory value, because they violate one of the basic rules for good definitions: The defining statement (the definiens) should be clearer than the term that is defined (the definiendum). In the paper we propose a different definition of "ontology" and discuss how it helps to explain various phenomena: the ability o…
The current preprint is an update to SituationCO v1.1 (Situation Core Ontology), which represents its new version 1.2. It specifies and defines all the terms, properties, relationships and axioms of SituationCO v1.2, being an ontology for particular and generic Situations placed at the core level in the context of a four-layered ontological architecture called FCD-OntoArch (Foundational, Core, and Domain Ontological Architecture for Sciences). This is a four-layered ontological architecture, which considers Foundational, Core, Domain and Instance levels. In turn, the domain level is split down…
This preprint specifies and defines all terms, properties, relationships and axioms of ThingFO (Thing Foundational Ontology) v1.3, which is a slightly updated version of its predecessor, ThingFO v1.2. It is an ontology for particular and universal Things placed at the foundational level in the context of a five-tier ontological architecture named FCD-OntoArch (Foundational, Core, Domain and instance Ontological Architecture for sciences). Figure 2 depicts its five tiers, which entail Foundational, Core, Top-Domain, Low-Domain and Instance levels. Two guidelines and three rules that guide the p…
GIDIS_Web, Facultad de Ingeniería, UNLPam（GIDIS_Web，UNLPam工程学院）
This preprint specifies and defines all the Terms, Properties, and Relationships of NFRsTDO (Non-Functional Requirements Top-Domain Ontology). NFRsTDO v1.2, whose UML conceptualization is shown in Figure 1 is a slightly updated version of its predecessor, namely NFRsTDO v1.1. NFRsTDO is an ontology mainly devoted to quality (non-functional) requirements and quality/cost views, which is placed at the top-domain level in the context of a multilayer ontological architecture called FCD-OntoArch (Foundational, Core, Domain, and instance Ontological Architecture for sciences). Figure 2 depicts its f…
We present a formal Arabic wordnet built on the basis of a carefully designed ontology hereby referred to as the Arabic Ontology. The ontology provides a formal representation of the concepts that the Arabic terms convey, and its content was built with ontological analysis in mind, and benchmarked to scientific advances and rigorous knowledge sources as much as this is possible, rather than to only speakers' beliefs as lexicons typically are. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted thereby demonstrating that the current version of the top-levels of the ontology can top the majority of the Ara…
The present preprint specifies and defines all Terms, Properties, Relationships and Axioms of ProcessCO (Process Core Ontology). ProcessCO is an ontology devoted mainly for Work Entities and related terms, which is placed at the core level in the context of a multilayer ontological architecture called FCD-OntoArch (Foundational, Core, and Domain Ontological Architecture for Sciences). This is a five-layered ontological architecture, which considers Foundational, Core, Domain and Instance levels, where the domain level is split down in two sub-levels, namely: Top-domain and Low-domain. Ontologi…
Small wind projects encounter difficulties to be efficiently deployed, partly because wrong way data and information are managed. Ontologies can overcome the drawbacks of partially available, noisy, inconsistent, and heterogeneous data sources, by providing a semantic middleware between low level data and more general knowledge. In this paper, we engineer an ontology for the wind energy domain using description logic as technical instrumentation. We aim to integrate corpus of heterogeneous knowledge, both digital and human, in order to help the interested user to speed-up the initialization of…
Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院系统研究所）；University of Craiova（克拉约瓦大学）
Reusing ontologies in practice is still very challenging, especially when multiple ontologies are (jointly) involved. Moreover, despite recent advances, the realization of systematic ontology quality assurance remains a difficult problem. In this work, the quality of thirty biomedical ontologies, and the Computer Science Ontology are investigated, from the perspective of a practical use case. Special scrutiny is given to cross-ontology references, which are vital for combining ontologies. Diverse methods to detect potential issues are proposed, including natural language processing and network…
To provide a foundation for conceptual modeling, ontologies have been introduced to specify the entities, the existences of which are acknowledged in the model. Ontologies are essential components as mechanisms to model a portion of reality in software engineering. In this context, a model refers to a description of objects and processes that populate a system. Developing such a description constrains and directs the design, development, and use of the corresponding system, thus avoiding such difficulties as conflicts and lack of a common understanding. In this cross-area research between mode…
The importance of taking individual, potentially conflicting perspectives into account when dealing with knowledge has been widely recognised. Many existing ontology management approaches fully merge knowledge perspectives, which may require weakening in order to maintain consistency; others represent the distinct views in an entirely detached way. As an alternative, we propose Standpoint Logic, a simple, yet versatile multi-modal logic "add-on" for existing KR languages intended for the integrated representation of domain knowledge relative to diverse, possibly conflicting standpoints, which …
King's College London（伦敦国王学院）；University of Sussex（苏塞克斯大学）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）
Ontology development is a non-trivial task requiring expertise in the chosen ontological language. We propose a method for making the content of ontologies more transparent by presenting, through the use of natural language generation, naturalistic descriptions of ontology classes as textual paragraphs. The method has been implemented in a proof-of- concept system, OntoVerbal, that automatically generates paragraph-sized textual descriptions of ontological classes expressed in OWL. OntoVerbal has been applied to ontologies that can be loaded into Protégé and been evaluated with SNOMED CT, show…
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
The task of verifying the compatibility between interacting web services has traditionally been limited to checking the compatibility of the interaction protocol in terms of message sequences and the type of data being exchanged. Since web services are developed largely in an uncoordinated way, different services often use independently developed ontologies for the same domain instead of adhering to a single ontology as standard. In this work we investigate the approaches that can be taken by the server to verify the possibility to reach a state with semantically inconsistent results during th…
TU Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学）；Data Semantics (DaSe) Laboratory, Wright State University（莱特州立大学数据语义实验室）；Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University（杜克大学基因组与计算生物学中心）
Trees -- i.e., the type of data structure known under this name -- are central to many aspects of knowledge organization. We investigate some central design choices concerning the ontological modeling of such trees. In particular, we consider the limits of what is expressible in the Web Ontology Language, and provide a reusable ontology design pattern for trees.
The paper describes the architecture of the intelligence system for automated design of ontological knowledge bases of domain areas and the software model of the management GUI (Graphical User Interface) subsystem
Université de Lyon（里昂大学）；Université Lumière Lyon 2（里昂第二大学）；DISP Lab EA4570（DISP实验室 EA4570）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）
Internship assignment is a complicated process for universities since it is necessary to take into account a multiplicity of variables to establish a compromise between companies' requirements and student competencies acquired during the university training. These variables build up a complex relations map that requires the formulation of an exhaustive and rigorous conceptual scheme. In this research a domain ontological model is presented as support to the student's decision making for opportunities of University studies level of the University Lumiere Lyon 2 (ULL) education system. The ontol…
This paper discusses an axiomatic approach for the integration of ontologies, an approach that extends to first order logic a previous approach (Kent 2000) based on information flow. This axiomatic approach is represented in the Information Flow Framework (IFF), a metalevel framework for organizing the information that appears in digital libraries, distributed databases and ontologies (Kent 2001). The paper argues that the integration of ontologies is the two-step process of alignment and unification. Ontological alignment consists of the sharing of common terminology and semantics through a m…
MAECO-Lite: Modular Ontology for Dynamic Malware Analysis
Department of Applied Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia；Institute of Computer Science；Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering；Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, Bratislava, Slovakia
We report development of a data infrastructure for drug repurposing that takes advantage of two currently available chemical ontologies. The data infrastructure includes a database of compound- target associations augmented with molecular ontological labels. It also contains two computational tools for prediction of new associations. We describe two drug-repurposing systems: one, Nascent Ontological Information Retrieval for Drug Repurposing (NOIR-DR), based on an information retrieval strategy, and another, based on non-negative matrix factorization together with compound similarity, that was…
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies（石油与能源研究大学）；Tennessee Technological University（田纳西理工大学）；University of Versailles（凡尔赛大学）
In order to provide the agricultural industry with the infrastructure it needs to take advantage of advanced technology, such as big data, the cloud, and the internet of things (IoT); smart farming is a management concept that focuses on providing the infrastructure necessary to track, monitor, automate, and analyse operations. To represent the knowledge extracted from the primary data collected is of utmost importance. An agricultural ontology framework for smart agriculture systems is presented in this study. The knowledge graph is represented as a lattice to capture and perform reasoning on…
Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学）；University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）
There are many methodologies and techniques for easing the task of ontology building. Here we describe the intersection of two of these: ontology normalisation and fully programmatic ontology development. The first of these describes a standardized organisation for an ontology, with singly inherited self-standing entities, and a number of small taxonomies of refining entities. The former are described and defined in terms of the latter and used to manage the polyhierarchy of the self-standing entities. Fully programmatic development is a technique where an ontology is developed using a domain-…
College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University（德雷塞尔大学计算与信息学院）
Measuring the distance between ontological elements is fundamental for ontology matching. String-based distance metrics are notorious for shallow syntactic matching. In this exploratory study, we investigate Wasserstein distance targeting continuous space that can incorporate various types of information. We use a pre-trained word embeddings system to embed ontology element labels. We examine the effectiveness of Wasserstein distance for measuring similarity between ontologies, and discovering and refining matchings between individual elements. Our experiments with the OAEI conference track an…
Recent years have witnessed the successful application of low-dimensional vector space representations of knowledge graphs to predict missing facts or find erroneous ones. However, it is not yet well-understood to what extent ontological knowledge, e.g. given as a set of (existential) rules, can be embedded in a principled way. To address this shortcoming, in this paper we introduce a general framework based on a view of relations as regions, which allows us to study the compatibility between ontological knowledge and different types of vector space embeddings. Our technical contribution is tw…
International Islamic University Chittagong（吉大港国际伊斯兰大学）；Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia（马来西亚伊斯兰理科大学）；Zarqa University（扎尔卡大学）
The holy Quran is the holy book of the Muslims. It contains information about many domains. Often people search for particular concepts of holy Quran based on the relations among concepts. An ontological modeling of holy Quran can be useful in such a scenario. In this paper, we have modeled nature related concepts of holy Quran using OWL (Web Ontology Language) / RDF (Resource Description Framework). Our methodology involves identifying nature related concepts mentioned in holy Quran and identifying relations among those concepts. These concepts and relations are represented as classes/instanc…
Nowadays, there are a lot of people using social media opinions to make their decision on buying products or services. Opinion spam detection is a hard problem because fake reviews can be made by organizations as well as individuals for different purposes. They write fake reviews to mislead readers or automated detection system by promoting or demoting target products to promote them or to damage their reputations. In this paper, we pro-pose a new approach using knowledge-based Ontology to detect opinion spam with high accuracy (higher than 75%). Keywords: Opinion spam, Fake review, E-commerci…
Background. Most tutorial ontologies focus on illustrating one aspect of ontology development, notably language features and automated reasoners, but ignore ontology development factors, such as emergent modelling guidelines and ontological principles. Yet, novices replicate examples from the exercises they carry out. Not providing good examples holistically causes the propagation of sub-optimal ontology development, which may negatively affect the quality of a real domain ontology. Results. We identified 22 requirements that a good tutorial ontology should satisfy regarding subject domain, lo…
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology（胡志明市理工大学）
Traditional information retrieval systems represent documents and queries by keyword sets. However, the content of a document or a query is mainly defined by both keywords and named entities occurring in it. Named entities have ontological features, namely, their aliases, classes, and identifiers, which are hidden from their textual appearance. Besides, the meaning of a query may imply latent named entities that are related to the apparent ones in the query. We propose an ontology-based generalized vector space model to semantic text search. It exploits ontological features of named entities a…
This report describes a new version of the OntoSpec methodology for ontology building. Defined by the LaRIA Knowledge Engineering Team (University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France), OntoSpec aims at helping builders to model ontological knowledge (upstream of formal representation). The methodology relies on a set of rigorously-defined modelling primitives and principles. Its application leads to the elaboration of a semi-informal ontology, which is independent of knowledge representation languages. We recently enriched the OntoSpec methodology by endowing it with a new resource, the DO…
In this note we suggest that difficulties encountered in natural language semantics are, for the most part, due to the use of mere symbol manipulation systems that are devoid of any content. In such systems, where there is hardly any link with our common-sense view of the world, and it is quite difficult to envision how one can formally account for the considerable amount of content that is often implicit, but almost never explicitly stated in our everyday discourse. The solution, in our opinion, is a compositional semantics grounded in an ontology that reflects our commonsense view of the wor…
Ontology-Aware Design Patterns for Clinical AI Systems: Translating Reification Theory into Software Architecture
Institute of General Medicine, University Clinics Halle, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg（哈勒大学医院全科医学研究所，马丁·路德·哈勒-维滕贝格大学）；Apsley Business School（阿普斯利商学院）
In this paper an ontological representation and reasoning paradigm has been proposed for interpretation of time-series signals. The signals come from sensors observing a smart environment. The signal chosen for the annotation process is a set of unintuitive and complex gas sensor data. The ontology of this paradigm is inspired form the SSN ontology (Semantic Sensor Network) and used for representation of both the sensor data and the contextual information. The interpretation process is mainly done by an incremental ASP solver which as input receives a logic program that is generated from the c…
American Institutes for Research（美国研究院）；University of Windsor（温莎大学）；American University of Beirut（贝鲁特美国大学）；AT&T Bell Labs（AT&T贝尔实验室）；MetLife（大都会人寿）；Cognos, Inc.（科格斯公司）
Over two decades ago a "quite revolution" overwhelmingly replaced knowledgebased approaches in natural language processing (NLP) by quantitative (e.g., statistical, corpus-based, machine learning) methods. Although it is our firm belief that purely quantitative approaches cannot be the only paradigm for NLP, dissatisfaction with purely engineering approaches to the construction of large knowledge bases for NLP are somewhat justified. In this paper we hope to demonstrate that both trends are partly misguided and that the time has come to enrich logical semantics with an ontological structure th…
Virginia Commonwealth University（弗吉尼亚联邦大学）；University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Ontologies have been known for their semantic representation of knowledge. ontologies cannot automatically evolve to reflect updates that occur in respective domains. To address this limitation, researchers have called for automatic ontology generation from unstructured text corpus. Unfortunately, systems that aim to generate ontologies from unstructured text corpus are domain-specific and require manual intervention. In addition, they suffer from uncertainty in creating concept linkages and difficulty in finding axioms for the same concept. Knowledge Graphs (KGs) has emerged as a powerful mod…
University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale（法国国家健康与医学研究院）
We present Populous, a tool for gathering content with which to populate an ontology. Domain experts need to add content, that is often repetitive in its form, but without having to tackle the underlying ontological representation. Populous presents users with a table based form in which columns are constrained to take values from particular ontologies; the user can select a concept from an ontology via its meaningful label to give a value for a given entity attribute. Populated tables are mapped to patterns that can then be used to automatically generate the ontology's content. Populous's con…
The orbital debris problem presents an opportunity for inter-agency and international cooperation toward the mutually beneficial goals of debris prevention, mitigation, remediation, and improved space situational awareness (SSA). Achieving these goals requires sharing orbital debris and other SSA data. Toward this, I present an ontological architecture for the orbital debris domain, taking steps in the creation of an orbital debris ontology (ODO). The purpose of this ontological system is to (I) represent general orbital debris and SSA domain knowledge, (II) structure, and standardize where ne…
