民族和性别对多民族国家决策的影响：俄罗斯案例
Ethnicity and gender influence the decision making in a multinational state: The case of Russia
摘要：
个体在经济决策中的行为取决于种族、性别、社会环境、个人特质等因素。然而，在像俄罗斯联邦这样的现代化多民族国家中，迄今为止还没有对不同族裔的土著居民之间决策的独特特征进行适当研究。为了解决这个问题，我们在莫斯科（俄罗斯首都）的俄罗斯人和雅库茨克（俄罗斯地区的首府，主要是非俄罗斯居民）的雅库特人之间进行了一系列实验。我们研究了社会化对囚徒困境博弈、最后通牒博弈和信任博弈中参与者策略的影响。在基线阶段，在社会化之前，雅库特人的合作率，平等主义和信任度高于由陌生人组成的俄罗斯人。在社会化之后，俄罗斯人的所有这些指标都大大增加;而雅库特人只有合作率呈现上升趋势。雅库特人的特点是，无论社会化阶段如何，各项指标都相对不变。此外，雅库茨克女性有更高的合作和信任率比雅库茨克男性社会化前。社会化后，我们观察到的对齐指标的男性和女性都为俄罗斯人和雅库特人。因此，我们得出结论，尽管经济，政治和社会条件相同，但一个国家内部可能存在文化差异。
英文摘要：
Individuals' behavior in economic decisions depends on such factors as ethnicity, gender, social environment, personal traits. However, the distinctive features of decision making have not been studied properly so far between indigenous populations from different ethnicities in a modern and multinational state like the Russian Federation. Addressing this issue, we conducted a series of experiments between the Russians in Moscow (the capital of Russia) and the Yakuts in Yakutsk (the capital of Russian region with the mostly non-Russian residents). We investigated the effect of socialization on participants' strategies in the Prisoner's Dilemma game, Ultimatum game, and Trust game. At the baseline stage, before socialization, the rates of cooperation, egalitarianism, and trust for the Yakuts are higher than for the Russians in groups composed of unfamiliar people. After socialization, for the Russians all these indicators increase considerably; whereas, for the Yakuts only the rate of cooperation demonstrates a rising trend. The Yakuts are characterized by relatively unchanged indicators regardless of the socialization stage. Furthermore, the Yakutsk females have higher rates of cooperation and trust than the Yakuts males before socialization. After socialization, we observed the alignment in indicators for males and females both for the Russians and for the Yakuts. Hence, we concluded that cultural differences can exist inside one country despite the equal economic, politic, and social conditions.
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