Artist, year and style classification of fine-art paintings are generally achieved using standard image classification methods, image segmentation, or more recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This works aims to use newly developed face recognition methods such as FaceNet that use CNNs to cluster fine-art paintings using the extracted faces in the paintings, which are found abundantly. A dataset consisting of over 80,000 paintings from over 1000 artists is chosen, and three separate face recognition and clustering tasks are performed. The produced clusters are analyzed by the file names of the paintings and the clusters are named by their majority artist, year range, and style. The clusters are further analyzed and their performance metrics are calculated. The study shows promising results as the artist, year, and styles are clustered with an accuracy of 58.8, 63.7, and 81.3 percent, while the clusters have an average purity of 63.1, 72.4, and 85.9 percent.
Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience（维尔纳·赖卡特整合神经科学中心）；Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Tübingen（图宾根大学理论物理研究所）；Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience（伯恩斯坦计算神经科学中心）；Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics（马克斯·普朗克生物控制论研究所）；Baylor College of Medicine（贝勒医学院）；Graduate School for Neural Information Processing（神经信息处理研究生院）
In fine art, especially painting, humans have mastered the skill to create unique visual experiences through composing a complex interplay between the content and style of an image. Thus far the algorithmic basis of this process is unknown and there exists no artificial system with similar capabilities. However, in other key areas of visual perception such as object and face recognition near-human performance was recently demonstrated by a class of biologically inspired vision models called Deep Neural Networks. Here we introduce an artificial system based on a Deep Neural Network that creates…
Recent advances in generative models and adversarial training have enabled artificially generating artworks in various artistic styles. It is highly desirable to gain more control over the generated style in practice. However, artistic styles are unlike object categories -- there are a continuous spectrum of styles distinguished by subtle differences. Few works have been explored to capture the continuous spectrum of styles and apply it to a style generation task. In this paper, we propose to achieve this by embedding original artwork examples into a continuous style space. The style vectors a…
This note presents an extension to the neural artistic style transfer algorithm (Gatys et al.). The original algorithm transforms an image to have the style of another given image. For example, a photograph can be transformed to have the style of a famous painting. Here we address a potential shortcoming of the original method: the algorithm transfers the colors of the original painting, which can alter the appearance of the scene in undesirable ways. We describe simple linear methods for transferring style while preserving colors.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系）
Drawing a beautiful painting is a dream of many people since childhood. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, Line Artist, to synthesize artistic style paintings with freehand sketch images, leveraging the power of deep learning and advanced algorithms. Our scheme includes three models. The Sketch Image Extraction (SIE) model is applied to generate the training data. It includes smoothing reality images and pencil sketch extraction. The Detailed Image Synthesis (DIS) model trains a conditional generative adversarial network to generate detailed real-world information. The Adaptively Weight…
In this work we investigate different avenues of improving the Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style (by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker and Matthias Bethge, arXiv:1508.06576). While showing great results when transferring homogeneous and repetitive patterns, the original style representation often fails to capture more complex properties, like having separate styles of foreground and background. This leads to visual artifacts and undesirable textures appearing in unexpected regions when performing style transfer. We tackle this issue with a variety of approaches, mostly by modifying the style …
Through Van Gogh's Eyes: Global Style Transfer with Diffusion Model
Korea Institute of Science and Technology（韩国科学技术研究院）；University of Science and Technology（科技大学）；Korea University（高丽大学）；Gachon University（嘉泉大学）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）
Computer vision systems currently lack the ability to reliably recognize artistically rendered objects, especially when such data is limited. In this paper, we propose a method for recognizing objects in artistic modalities (such as paintings, cartoons, or sketches), without requiring any labeled data from those modalities. Our method explicitly accounts for stylistic domain shifts between and within domains. To do so, we introduce a complementary training modality constructed to be similar in artistic style to the target domain, and enforce that the network learns features that are invariant …
We explore the method of style transfer presented in the article "A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style" by Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker and Matthias Bethge (arXiv:1508.06576). We first demonstrate the power of the suggested style space on a few examples. We then vary different hyper-parameters and program properties that were not discussed in the original paper, among which are the recognition network used, starting point of the gradient descent and different ways to partition style and content layers. We also give a brief comparison of some of the existing algorithm implementations and d…
Google Brain（谷歌大脑）；MILA, Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学MILA）
In this paper, we present a method which combines the flexibility of the neural algorithm of artistic style with the speed of fast style transfer networks to allow real-time stylization using any content/style image pair. We build upon recent work leveraging conditional instance normalization for multi-style transfer networks by learning to predict the conditional instance normalization parameters directly from a style image. The model is successfully trained on a corpus of roughly 80,000 paintings and is able to generalize to paintings previously unobserved. We demonstrate that the learned em…
Though significant progress has been made in artistic style transfer, semantic information is usually difficult to be preserved in a fine-grained locally consistent manner by most existing methods, especially when multiple artists styles are required to transfer within one single model. To circumvent this issue, we propose a Stroke Control Multi-Artist Style Transfer framework. On the one hand, we develop a multi-condition single-generator structure which first performs multi-artist style transfer. On the one hand, we design an Anisotropic Stroke Module (ASM) which realizes the dynamic adjustm…
University of Surrey（萨里大学）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）；University of Northumbria（诺森比亚大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
We present StyleBabel, a unique open access dataset of natural language captions and free-form tags describing the artistic style of over 135K digital artworks, collected via a novel participatory method from experts studying at specialist art and design schools. StyleBabel was collected via an iterative method, inspired by `Grounded Theory': a qualitative approach that enables annotation while co-evolving a shared language for fine-grained artistic style attribute description. We demonstrate several downstream tasks for StyleBabel, adapting the recent ALADIN architecture for fine-grained styl…
Hacettepe University（哈切特佩大学）；Middle East Technical University（中东技术大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）
This paper is motivated from a young boy's capability to recognize an illustrator's style in a totally different context. In the book "We are All Born Free" [1], composed of selected rights from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights interpreted by different illustrators, the boy was surprised to see a picture similar to the ones in the "Winnie the Witch" series drawn by Korky Paul (Figure 1). The style was noticeable in other characters of the same illustrator in different books as well. The capability of a child to easily spot the style was shown to be valid for other illustrators such as…
The diversity of painting styles represents a rich visual vocabulary for the construction of an image. The degree to which one may learn and parsimoniously capture this visual vocabulary measures our understanding of the higher level features of paintings, if not images in general. In this work we investigate the construction of a single, scalable deep network that can parsimoniously capture the artistic style of a diversity of paintings. We demonstrate that such a network generalizes across a diversity of artistic styles by reducing a painting to a point in an embedding space. Importantly, th…
The artistic style of a painting is a subtle aesthetic judgment used by art historians for grouping and classifying artwork. The recently introduced `neural-style' algorithm substantially succeeds in merging the perceived artistic style of one image or set of images with the perceived content of another. In light of this and other recent developments in image analysis via convolutional neural networks, we investigate the effectiveness of a `neural-style' representation for classifying the artistic style of paintings.
Name Your Style: An Arbitrary Artist-aware Image Style Transfer
Caritas Institute of Higher Education（明爱高等教育学院）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；École Polytechnique（巴黎综合理工学院）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；IP Paris（巴黎理工学院）
PhotoDoodle: Learning Artistic Image Editing from Few-Shot Pairwise Data
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；Tiamat（提亚马特）
OPPO US Research Center, InnoPeak Technology Inc（InnoPeak科技公司OPPO美国研究中心）；JD Finance America Corporation（京东金融美国公司）；University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）；Ryerson University（瑞尔森大学）
The paper proposes a Dynamic ResBlock Generative Adversarial Network (DRB-GAN) for artistic style transfer. The style code is modeled as the shared parameters for Dynamic ResBlocks connecting both the style encoding network and the style transfer network. In the style encoding network, a style class-aware attention mechanism is used to attend the style feature representation for generating the style codes. In the style transfer network, multiple Dynamic ResBlocks are designed to integrate the style code and the extracted CNN semantic feature and then feed into the spatial window Layer-Instance…
University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；Adobe Research（Adobe 研究院）
Transferring artistic styles onto everyday photographs has become an extremely popular task in both academia and industry. Recently, offline training has replaced on-line iterative optimization, enabling nearly real-time stylization. When those stylization networks are applied directly to high-resolution images, however, the style of localized regions often appears less similar to the desired artistic style. This is because the transfer process fails to capture small, intricate textures and maintain correct texture scales of the artworks. Here we propose a multimodal convolutional neural netwo…
Artistic Neural Style Transfer Algorithms with Activation Smoothing
University of California San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Tulane University（杜兰大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Stevens Institute of Technology（史蒂文斯理工学院）
Bridging Text and Image for Artist Style Transfer via Contrastive Learning
Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT（拉彭兰塔-拉赫蒂理工大学（LUT））；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Ecole Polytechnique（巴黎综合理工学院）；IP Paris（巴黎文理大学）
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College（古鲁那纳克德夫工程学院）；Department of Information Technology（信息技术系）；School of Mathematics（数学学院）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Ludhiana, India（印度卢迪亚纳）；Guangdong, China（中国广东）；spaces.ac.cn
In this paper we address the problem of artist style transfer where the painting style of a given artist is applied on a real world photograph. We train our neural networks in adversarial setting via recently introduced quadratic potential divergence for stable learning process. To further improve the quality of generated artist stylized images we also integrate some of the recently introduced deep learning techniques in our method. To our best knowledge this is the first attempt towards artist style transfer via quadratic potential divergence. We provide some stylized image samples in the sup…
Neural style transfer has been demonstrated to be powerful in creating artistic image with help of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). However, there is still lack of computational analysis of perceptual components of the artistic style. Different from some early attempts which studied the style by some pre-processing or post-processing techniques, we investigate the characteristics of the style systematically based on feature map produced by CNN. First, we computationally decompose the style into basic elements using not only spectrum based methods including Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Dis…
ArtistAuditor: Auditing Artist Style Pirate in Text-to-Image Generation Models
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹自由大学）；Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）
A neural artistic style transformation (NST) model can modify the appearance of a simple image by adding the style of a famous image. Even though the transformed images do not look precisely like artworks by the same artist of the respective style images, the generated images are appealing. Generally, a trained NST model specialises in a style, and a single image represents that style. However, generating an image under a new style is a tedious process, which includes full model training. In this paper, we present two methods that step toward the style image independent neural style transfer m…
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have made a dramatic leap in high-fidelity image synthesis and stylized face generation. Recently, a layer-swapping mechanism has been developed to improve the stylization performance. However, this method is incapable of fitting arbitrary styles in a single model and requires hundreds of style-consistent training images for each style. To address the above issues, we propose BlendGAN for arbitrary stylized face generation by leveraging a flexible blending strategy and a generic artistic dataset. Specifically, we first train a self-supervised style encode…
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Cornell Tech（康奈尔科技校区）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）
We propose a fast feed-forward network for arbitrary style transfer, which can generate stylized image for previously unseen content and style image pairs. Besides the traditional content and style representation based on deep features and statistics for textures, we use adversarial networks to regularize the generation of stylized images. Our adversarial network learns the intrinsic property of image styles from large-scale multi-domain artistic images. The adversarial training is challenging because both the input and output of our generator are diverse multi-domain images. We use a conditio…
The artistic style of a painting is a rich descriptor that reveals both visual and deep intrinsic knowledge about how an artist uniquely portrays and expresses their creative vision. Accurate categorization of paintings across different artistic movements and styles is critical for large-scale indexing of art databases. However, the automatic extraction and recognition of these highly dense artistic features has received little to no attention in the field of computer vision research. In this paper, we investigate the use of deep self-supervised learning methods to solve the problem of recogni…
University of Surrey（萨里大学）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）
We present HyperNST; a neural style transfer (NST) technique for the artistic stylization of images, based on Hyper-networks and the StyleGAN2 architecture. Our contribution is a novel method for inducing style transfer parameterized by a metric space, pre-trained for style-based visual search (SBVS). We show for the first time that such space may be used to drive NST, enabling the application and interpolation of styles from an SBVS system. The technical contribution is a hyper-network that predicts weight updates to a StyleGAN2 pre-trained over a diverse gamut of artistic content (portraits)…
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学）
A common strategy for improving model robustness is through data augmentations. Data augmentations encourage models to learn desired invariances, such as invariance to horizontal flipping or small changes in color. Recent work has shown that arbitrary style transfer can be used as a form of data augmentation to encourage invariance to textures by creating painting-like images from photographs. However, a stylized photograph is not quite the same as an artist-created painting. Artists depict perceptually meaningful cues in paintings so that humans can recognize salient components in scenes, an …
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of AI, UCAS（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Kuaishou Technology（快手科技）
The artistic style within a painting is the means of expression, which includes not only the painting material, colors, and brushstrokes, but also the high-level attributes including semantic elements, object shapes, etc. Previous arbitrary example-guided artistic image generation methods often fail to control shape changes or convey elements. The pre-trained text-to-image synthesis diffusion probabilistic models have achieved remarkable quality, but it often requires extensive textual descriptions to accurately portray attributes of a particular painting. We believe that the uniqueness of an …
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院）
This paper employs case-based reasoning (CBR) to capture the personal styles of individual artists and generate the human facial portraits from photos accordingly. For each human artist to be mimicked, a series of cases are firstly built-up from her/his exemplars of source facial photo and hand-drawn sketch, and then its stylization for facial photo is transformed as a style-transferring process of iterative refinement by looking-for and applying best-fit cases in a sense of style optimization. Two models, fitness evaluation model and parameter estimation model, are learned for case retrieval …
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）；Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学）
Artistic style transfer aims at migrating the style from an example image to a content image. Currently, optimization-based methods have achieved great stylization quality, but expensive time cost restricts their practical applications. Meanwhile, feed-forward methods still fail to synthesize complex style, especially when holistic global and local patterns exist. Inspired by the common painting process of drawing a draft and revising the details, we introduce a novel feed-forward method named Laplacian Pyramid Network (LapStyle). LapStyle first transfers global style patterns in low-resolutio…
In this work we propose a new deep multibranch neural network to solve the tasks of artist, style, and genre categorization in a multitask formulation. In order to gather clues from low-level texture details and, at the same time, exploit the coarse layout of the painting, the branches of the proposed networks are fed with crops at different resolutions. We propose and compare two different crop strategies: the first one is a random-crop strategy that permits to manage the tradeoff between accuracy and speed; the second one is a smart extractor based on Spatial Transformer Networks trained to …
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）
Style transfer of 3D faces has gained more and more attention. However, previous methods mainly use images of artistic faces for style transfer while ignoring arbitrary style images such as abstract paintings. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method, namely Face-guided Dual Style Transfer (FDST). To begin with, FDST employs a 3D decoupling module to separate facial geometry and texture. Then we propose a style fusion strategy for facial geometry. Subsequently, we design an optimization-based DDSG mechanism for textures that can guide the style transfer by two style images. Besides the…
ENS, PSL University & INRIA（巴黎高等师范学院、巴黎文理研究大学与法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；ENS, CNRS, PSL University（巴黎高等师范学院、法国国家科学研究中心与巴黎文理研究大学）；ENS Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院）
We present interactive painting processes in which a painter and various neural style transfer algorithms interact on a real canvas. Understanding what these algorithms' outputs achieve is then paramount to describe the creative agency in our interactive experiments. We gather a set of paired painting-pictures images and present a new evaluation methodology based on the predictivity of neural style transfer algorithms. We point some algorithms' instabilities and show that they can be used to enlarge the diversity and pleasing oddity of the images synthesized by the numerous existing neural sty…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Pinscreen；USC Institute for Creative Technologies（南加州大学创意技术研究所）
Existing methods for AI-generated artworks still struggle with generating high-quality stylized content, where high-level semantics are preserved, or separating fine-grained styles from various artists. We propose a novel Generative Adversarial Disentanglement Network which can disentangle two complementary factors of variations when only one of them is labelled in general, and fully decompose complex anime illustrations into style and content in particular. Training such model is challenging, since given a style, various content data may exist but not the other way round. Our approach is divi…
