Research in emotion analysis is scattered across different label formats (e.g., polarity types, basic emotion categories, and affective dimensions), linguistic levels (word vs. sentence vs. discourse), and, of course, (few well-resourced but much more under-resourced) natural languages and text genres (e.g., product reviews, tweets, news). The resulting heterogeneity makes data and software developed under these conflicting constraints hard to compare and challenging to integrate. To resolve this unsatisfactory state of affairs we here propose a training scheme that learns a shared latent representation of emotion independent from different label formats, natural languages, and even disparate model architectures. Experiments on a wide range of datasets indicate that this approach yields the desired interoperability without penalizing prediction quality. Code and data are archived under DOI 10.5281/zenodo.5466068.
University of Stuttgart（斯图加特大学）；Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung（机器语言处理研究所）
Appraisal theories explain how the cognitive evaluation of an event leads to a particular emotion. In contrast to theories of basic emotions or affect (valence/arousal), this theory has not received a lot of attention in natural language processing. Yet, in psychology it has been proven powerful: Smith and Ellsworth (1985) showed that the appraisal dimensions attention, certainty, anticipated effort, pleasantness, responsibility/control and situational control discriminate between (at least) 15 emotion classes. We study different annotation strategies for these dimensions, based on the event-f…
Emotion4MIDI: a Lyrics-based Emotion-Labeled Symbolic Music Dataset
Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)（系统与计算机工程、技术与科学研究所（INESC TEC））；Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto（波尔图大学工程学院）；ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, School of Engineering（波尔图理工学院工程学院（ISEP））
HeLo: Heterogeneous Multi-Modal Fusion with Label Correlation for Emotion Distribution Learning
College of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能学院）；Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学）；School of Computer Science and Technology（计算机科学与技术学院）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen（哈尔滨工业大学深圳分校）
The long-standing goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been to create human-like conversational systems. Such systems should have the ability to develop an emotional connection with the users, hence emotion recognition in dialogues is an important task. Emotion detection in dialogues is a challenging task because humans usually convey multiple emotions with varying degrees of intensities in a single utterance. Moreover, emotion in an utterance of a dialogue may be dependent on previous utterances making the task more complex. Emotion recognition has always been in great demand. However, mo…
Academia Sinica（中央研究院）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Feeling emotion is a critical characteristic to distinguish people from machines. Among all the multi-modal resources for emotion detection, textual datasets are those containing the least additional information in addition to semantics, and hence are adopted widely for testing the developed systems. However, most of the textual emotional datasets consist of emotion labels of only individual words, sentences or documents, which makes it challenging to discuss the contextual flow of emotions. In this paper, we introduce EmotionLines, the first dataset with emotions labeling on all utterances in…
Sentiment analysis that classifies data into positive or negative has been dominantly used to recognize emotional aspects of texts, despite the deficit of thorough examination of emotional meanings. Recently, corpora labeled with more than just valence are built to exceed this limit. However, most Korean emotion corpora are small in the number of instances and cover a limited range of emotions. We introduce KOTE dataset. KOTE contains 50k (250k cases) Korean online comments, each of which is manually labeled for 43 emotion labels or one special label (NO EMOTION) by crowdsourcing (Ps = 3,048).…
A Chinese Multi-label Affective Computing Dataset Based on Social Media Network Users
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；Institute of Scientific and Technical Research on Archives（档案科学技术研究所）；China Electronics Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd.（中国电子工程设计院有限公司）
Leveraging Label Potential for Enhanced Multimodal Emotion Recognition
Xinjiang University（新疆大学）；School of Computer Science and Technology（计算机科学与技术学院）；Xinjiang Multimodal Intelligent Processing and Information Security Engineering Technology Research Center（新疆多模态智能处理与信息安全工程技术研究中心）
School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学计算科学学院）
The portrayal of negative emotions such as anger can vary widely between cultures and contexts, depending on the acceptability of expressing full-blown emotions rather than suppression to maintain harmony. The majority of emotional datasets collect data under the broad label ``anger", but social signals can range from annoyed, contemptuous, angry, furious, hateful, and more. In this work, we curated the first in-the-wild multicultural video dataset of emotions, and deeply explored anger-related emotional expressions by asking culture-fluent annotators to label the videos with 6 labels and 13 e…
Amirkabir University of Technology（阿米尔卡比尔理工大学）；Iran University of Science and Technology（伊朗科技大学）；Allameh Tabataba’i University（阿拉梅·塔巴塔巴伊大学）
With the recent proliferation of open textual data on social media platforms, Emotion Detection (ED) from Text has received more attention over the past years. It has many applications, especially for businesses and online service providers, where emotion detection techniques can help them make informed commercial decisions by analyzing customers/users' feelings towards their products and services. In this study, we introduce ArmanEmo, a human-labeled emotion dataset of more than 7000 Persian sentences labeled for seven categories. The dataset has been collected from different resources, inclu…
Amazon Web Services（亚马逊云服务）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
Emotion recognition and understanding is a vital component in human-machine interaction. Dimensional models of affect such as those using valence and arousal have advantages over traditional categorical ones due to the complexity of emotional states in humans. However, dimensional emotion annotations are difficult and expensive to collect, therefore they are not as prevalent in the affective computing community. To address these issues, we propose a method to generate synthetic images from existing categorical emotion datasets using face morphing as well as dimensional labels in the circumplex…
Soochow University（苏州大学）；Ecole Centrale de Lyon（里昂中央理工学院）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
Emotion shapes all aspects of our interpersonal and intellectual experiences. Its automatic analysis has there-fore many applications, e.g., human-machine interface. In this paper, we propose an emotional tonal speech dataset, namely Mandarin Chinese Emotional Speech Dataset - Portrayed (MES-P), with both distal and proximal labels. In contrast with state of the art emotional speech datasets which are only focused on perceived emotions, the proposed MES-P dataset includes not only perceived emotions with their proximal labels but also intended emotions with distal labels, thereby making it pos…
EM2LDL: A Multilingual Speech Corpus for Mixed Emotion Recognition through Label Distribution Learning
Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau（数据科学学院，澳门城市大学）；Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University（信息科学研究生院，名古屋大学）；Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（心理学研究所，中国科学院）；Information Technology Center, Nagoya University（信息科技中心，名古屋大学）；Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（先进科学与技术研究生院，日本科学技术大学）
IBM Research India（IBM印度研究院）；IIT Bombay（印度理工学院孟买分校）
While sentiment and emotion analysis have been studied extensively, the relationship between sarcasm and emotion has largely remained unexplored. A sarcastic expression may have a variety of underlying emotions. For example, "I love being ignored" belies sadness, while "my mobile is fabulous with a battery backup of only 15 minutes!" expresses frustration. Detecting the emotion behind a sarcastic expression is non-trivial yet an important task. We undertake the task of detecting the emotion in a sarcastic statement, which to the best of our knowledge, is hitherto unexplored. We start with the …
University of Michigan--Ann Arbor（密歇根大学安娜堡分校）；University of Michigan--Flint（密歇根大学弗林特分校）
Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct". As a result, annotations are colored by the manner in which they were collected. In this paper, we conduct crowdsourcing experiments to investigate this impact on both the annotations themselves and on the performance of these algorithms. We focus on one critical question: the effect of context. We present a new emotion dataset, Multimodal Stressed Emotion (M…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；Adobe Research（奥多比研究中心）；Snapchat Inc（Snapchat公司）
Psychological research results have confirmed that people can have different emotional reactions to different visual stimuli. Several papers have been published on the problem of visual emotion analysis. In particular, attempts have been made to analyze and predict people's emotional reaction towards images. To this end, different kinds of hand-tuned features are proposed. The results reported on several carefully selected and labeled small image data sets have confirmed the promise of such features. While the recent successes of many computer vision related tasks are due to the adoption of Co…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Information Science Institute, University of Southern California（南加州大学信息科学研究所）；Microsoft Cognitive Services（微软认知服务）
Detecting emotions expressed in text has become critical to a range of fields. In this work, we investigate ways to exploit label correlations in multi-label emotion recognition models to improve emotion detection. First, we develop two modeling approaches to the problem in order to capture word associations of the emotion words themselves, by either including the emotions in the input, or by leveraging Masked Language Modeling (MLM). Second, we integrate pairwise constraints of emotion representations as regularization terms alongside the classification loss of the models. We split these term…
In emotion recognition in conversation (ERC), the emotion of the current utterance is predicted by considering the previous context, which can be utilized in many natural language processing tasks. Although multiple emotions can coexist in a given sentence, most previous approaches take the perspective of a classification task to predict only a given label. However, it is expensive and difficult to label the emotion of a sentence with confidence or multi-label. In this paper, we automatically construct a grayscale label considering the correlation between emotions and use it for learning. That…
Emotion detection in text is an important task in NLP and is essential in many applications. Most of the existing methods treat this task as a problem of single-label multi-class text classification. To predict multiple emotions for one instance, most of the existing works regard it as a general Multi-label Classification (MLC) problem, where they usually either apply a manually determined threshold on the last output layer of their neural network models or train multiple binary classifiers and make predictions in the fashion of one-vs-all. However, compared to labels in the general MLC datase…
There exist two main approaches to automatically extract affective orientation: lexicon-based and corpus-based. In this work, we argue that these two methods are compatible and show that combining them can improve the accuracy of emotion classifiers. In particular, we introduce a novel variant of the Label Propagation algorithm that is tailored to distributed word representations, we apply batch gradient descent to accelerate the optimization of label propagation and to make the optimization feasible for large graphs, and we propose a reproducible method for emotion lexicon expansion. We concl…
Traditionally, in paralinguistic analysis for emotion detection from speech, emotions have been identified with discrete or dimensional (continuous-valued) labels. Accordingly, models that have been proposed for emotion detection use one or the other of these label types. However, psychologists like Russell and Plutchik have proposed theories and models that unite these views, maintaining that these representations have shared and complementary information. This paper is an attempt to validate these viewpoints computationally. To this end, we propose a model to jointly predict continuous and d…
Predicting how events induce emotions in the characters of a story is typically seen as a standard multi-label classification task, which usually treats labels as anonymous classes to predict. They ignore information that may be conveyed by the emotion labels themselves. We propose that the semantics of emotion labels can guide a model's attention when representing the input story. Further, we observe that the emotions evoked by an event are often related: an event that evokes joy is unlikely to also evoke sadness. In this work, we explicitly model label classes via label embeddings, and add m…
Wuhan University（武汉大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
Emotion cause pair extraction (ECPE), as one of the derived subtasks of emotion cause analysis (ECA), shares rich inter-related features with emotion extraction (EE) and cause extraction (CE). Therefore EE and CE are frequently utilized as auxiliary tasks for better feature learning, modeled via multi-task learning (MTL) framework by prior works to achieve state-of-the-art (SoTA) ECPE results. However, existing MTL-based methods either fail to simultaneously model the specific features and the interactive feature in between, or suffer from the inconsistency of label prediction. In this work, w…
Veracity is an essential key in research and development of innovative products. Live Emotion analysis and verification nullify deceit made to complainers on live chat, corroborate messages of both ends in messaging apps and promote an honest conversation between users. The main concept behind this emotion artificial intelligent verifier is to license or decline message accountability by comparing variegated emotions of chat app users recognized through facial expressions and text prediction. In this paper, a proposed emotion intelligent live detector acts as an honest arbiter who distributes …
Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
The emotional state of a speaker can be influenced by many different factors in dialogues, such as dialogue scene, dialogue topic, and interlocutor stimulus. The currently available data resources to support such multimodal affective analysis in dialogues are however limited in scale and diversity. In this work, we propose a Multi-modal Multi-scene Multi-label Emotional Dialogue dataset, M3ED, which contains 990 dyadic emotional dialogues from 56 different TV series, a total of 9,082 turns and 24,449 utterances. M3 ED is annotated with 7 emotion categories (happy, surprise, sad, disgust, anger…
JNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Cross-Lingual Multi-Label Emotion Detection Using Generative Models
Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（日本先进科学研究所）；ROIS-DS Center for Juris-Informatics, NII, Tokyo, Japan（日本信息机构ROIS-DS法律信息中心）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology（国家先进工业科学和技术研究所）
National Centre for Text Mining（国家文本挖掘中心）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）
Emotion recognition (ER) is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), due to its high impact in real-world applications from health and well-being to author profiling, consumer analysis and security. Current approaches to ER, mainly classify emotions independently without considering that emotions can co-exist. Such approaches overlook potential ambiguities, in which multiple emotions overlap. We propose a new model "SpanEmo" casting multi-label emotion classification as span-prediction, which can aid ER models to learn associations between labels and words in a sentence. Further…
The recognition of emotion and dialogue acts enriches conversational analysis and help to build natural dialogue systems. Emotion interpretation makes us understand feelings and dialogue acts reflect the intentions and performative functions in the utterances. However, most of the textual and multi-modal conversational emotion corpora contain only emotion labels but not dialogue acts. To address this problem, we propose to use a pool of various recurrent neural models trained on a dialogue act corpus, with and without context. These neural models annotate the emotion corpora with dialogue act …
Expansion Quantization Network: An Efficient Micro-emotion Annotation and Detection Framework
School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学信息与电子学院）；Institute of Scientific and Technical Research on Archives（档案科学技术研究所）；China Electronics Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd.（中国电子工程设计院有限公司）
LLMs Capture Emotion Labels, Not Emotion Uncertainty: Distributional Analysis and Calibration of Human-LLM Judgment Gaps
Faculty of Business and Commerce（商科学院）；Faculty of Business Data Science（商务数据科学学院）；RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project（先进智能项目研究所）；Faculty of Data Science（数据科学学院）；Japan Safety Society Research Center（日本安全协会研究中心）
Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University（首尔国立大学自动化与系统研究所）
In this paper, we propose an attention-based classifier that predicts multiple emotions of a given sentence. Our model imitates human's two-step procedure of sentence understanding and it can effectively represent and classify sentences. With emoji-to-meaning preprocessing and extra lexicon utilization, we further improve the model performance. We train and evaluate our model with data provided by SemEval-2018 task 1-5, each sentence of which has several labels among 11 given sentiments. Our model achieves 5-th/1-th rank in English/Spanish respectively.
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）
Emotion recognition from text is a challenging task due to diverse emotion taxonomies, lack of reliable labeled data in different domains, and highly subjective annotation standards. Few-shot and zero-shot techniques can generalize across unseen emotions by projecting the documents and emotion labels onto a shared embedding space. In this work, we explore the task of few-shot emotion recognition by transferring the knowledge gained from supervision on the GoEmotions Reddit dataset to the SemEval tweets corpus, using different emotion representation methods. The results show that knowledge tran…
Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE)（人工智能研究中心）；Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering（电子与计算机工程系）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
Most emotion recognition methods tackle the emotion understanding task by considering individual emotion independently while ignoring their fuzziness nature and the interconnections among them. In this paper, we explore how emotion correlations can be captured and help different classification tasks. We propose EmoGraph that captures the dependencies among different emotions through graph networks. These graphs are constructed by leveraging the co-occurrence statistics among different emotion categories. Empirical results on two multi-label classification datasets demonstrate that EmoGraph out…
Ghent University（根特大学）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）
Emotion lexica are commonly used resources to combat data poverty in automatic emotion detection. However, vocabulary coverage issues, differences in construction method and discrepancies in emotion framework and representation result in a heterogeneous landscape of emotion detection resources, calling for a unified approach to utilising them. To combat this, we present an extended emotion lexicon of 30,273 unique entries, which is a result of merging eight existing emotion lexica by means of a multi-view variational autoencoder (VAE). We showed that a VAE is a valid approach for combining lex…
Beijing, 100084 China（（注：该地址不属于机构，已按要求排除））；Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA（（注：该地址不属于机构，已按要求排除））
Generating emotional language is a key step towards building empathetic natural language processing agents. However, a major challenge for this line of research is the lack of large-scale labeled training data, and previous studies are limited to only small sets of human annotated sentiment labels. Additionally, explicitly controlling the emotion and sentiment of generated text is also difficult. In this paper, we take a more radical approach: we exploit the idea of leveraging Twitter data that are naturally labeled with emojis. More specifically, we collect a large corpus of Twitter conversat…
