We explore semi-dilute and concentrated oligomers and polymers in a broad range of polymerization indices N ranging from 1 to a 100 and in a range of monomer number densities $ϕ$ from 0.1 to 0.8 via molecular dynamics simulations and under good solvent conditions. This parameter range covers both no-overlap and strong chain overlap regimes, as quantified by the polymer packing fraction $0.1\leΦ\le{14}$. Contrary to some common beliefs, the non-ideal part of the osmotic pressure demonstrates strong finite size effects. In the overlap regime, it deviates substantially from the scaling form of de Cloizeaux. The finite size correction term is proportional to 1/N, irrespective of $Φ$. We propose a simple phenomenological description of the osmotic pressure in the infinite chain limit and of the monomer density dependence of the 1/N correction term. We extend the treatment of finite size effects to cover binary mixtures with 2 different chain lengths, and demonstrate that the proposed equation of state is applicable with an effective mass-averaged inverse chain length $1/N_{eff}$. We also discuss finite size effects in the density dependence of the gyration radius.
Osmotic Stabilisation of Concentrated Emulsions and Foams
在没有聚结的情况下,乳液(和泡沫)的粗化由液滴/气泡之间的分散相的分子扩散控制。对稀乳状液的研究表明,液滴中被捕获物质的渗透压如何能使乳状液“渗透稳定”。Webster和Cates(Langmuir,1998,14,2068-2079)给出了在稀释状态下单分散和多分散乳液的渗透稳定的严格标准。我们认为在这里是否存在类似的标准,单分散和多分散的浓缩乳液和泡沫的渗透稳定,并建议驱动粗化的压力差是小的平均拉普拉斯压力相比。一个精确的计算证实了这一点,对于一个单分散的二维模型,发现一个气泡的压力为P_i = P + Pi + P_i^G,其中P,Pi是大气压力和渗透压,P_i^G是一个“几何压力”,它只对一个球形气泡减少到拉普拉斯压力。对于二维乳状液模型,干限下的P_i^G仅比稀限下的P_i^G大5%。我们的结论是,致密系统的渗透稳定通常需要在每个液滴中的被困分子的压力,这是相当的拉普拉斯压力相同的液滴,如果球形,而不是更大的拉普拉斯压力存在于系统中。我们研究粗化的泡沫和浓缩乳液时,有不足的被困物种存在。速率限制机制被认为是,其适用性和相关的液滴生长速率进行了讨论。在浓缩泡沫或乳液中,液滴重排的有限屈服阈值可能足以防止剩余物的粗化。
Extension of Kirkwood-Buff theory: Partial enthalpies, fluctuations of energy density, temperature, and pressure, and solute-induced effects in a mixture solvent
Ion size effects at ionic exclusion from dielectric interfaces and slit nanopores
先前开发的场论模型[R. D. Coalson等人,J.Chem.Phys.102,4584(1995)],其在相同的基础上处理核碰撞和库仑相互作用,以理解离子尺寸对中性和带电粒子在平面界面处的分配的影响以及狭缝纳米孔的离子选择性。我们引入了一个变分方案,可以超越平均场(MF)制度,并以一致的方式耦合孔改性的核心相互作用,空间位阻效应,静电溶剂化和图像电荷力,和表面电荷诱导的静电势。我们表明,在稀释的限制,MF和变分理论符合MC模拟结果,在最近的RPA方法相比。研究了带电汤川粒子在中性介质界面(如空气-水或蛋白质-水界面)的分配。它示出,作为一个结果的核心碰撞之间的竞争,推动离子的表面,排斥溶剂化和图像的力量,排除他们从接口,浓度峰值的有限大小的离子集在接近的电介质界面。我们还表征了中性狭缝纳米孔的离子选择性的离子尺寸所发挥的作用。我们发现,复杂的相互作用之间的静电力,排除体积效应引起的核心碰撞和空间效应导致一个意想不到的逆转,在不同孔径的孔的离子选择性:而大孔表现出更高的电导率为大离子,窄孔排除大离子比小的更有效。