蛋白质相互作用的复杂性从结构紊乱中解开
The complexity of protein interactions unravelled from structural disorder
摘要：
结构紊乱可能是蛋白质相互作用的一种新机制的想法在文献中广泛存在，尽管支持这一点的统计学显著结构研究的数量少得令人惊讶。在与以前的作品不同，我们的结论完全依赖于一个大规模的分析，所有的134337 X射线晶体结构的蛋白质数据库平均超过集群的几乎相同的蛋白质序列。在这项工作中，我们探讨了组织的复杂性时，观察到的蛋白质位于替代复合物的所有相互作用的接口，显示接口逐步加起来，在一个层次的方式。我们进一步研究了这种复杂性与不同的结构紊乱措施的连接：标准的缺失残基和一个新的定义，称为“软紊乱”，它涵盖了所有的灵活和结构无定形残基的蛋白质。我们发现的证据表明，相互作用界面和软无序区域往往涉及大致相同的氨基酸的蛋白质，和初步的结果表明，软无序斑点的表面区域，新的接口逐渐容纳复杂的形成。我们的研究结果表明，无序区域不仅携带复合物内替代界面位置的关键信息，而且还携带组装顺序的信息。我们在几个例子中验证了这些假设。最后，我们比较了我们的措施的障碍与几个障碍的预测，显示这些后者是优化预测的残基是失踪的蛋白质的所有替代结构，他们不能赶上复杂的形成后无序区域的渐进演变。然而，预测的残基，如果没有丢失，往往被表征为软无序。
英文摘要：
The idea that structural disorder might be a novel mechanism of protein interaction is widespread in the Literature, although the number of statistically significant structural studies supporting this is surprisingly low. At variance with previous works, our conclusions rely exclusively on a large-scale analysis of all the 134337 X-ray crystallographic structures of the Protein Data Bank averaged over clusters of almost identical protein sequences. In this work, we explore the complexity of the organization of all the interaction interfaces observed when a protein lies in alternative complexes, showing that interfaces progressively add up in a hierarchical way. We further investigate the connection of this complexity with different measures of structural disorder: the standard missing residues and a new definition, called "soft disorder", that covers all the flexible and structurally amorphous residues of a protein. We show evidences that both the interaction interfaces and the soft disordered regions tend to involve roughly the same amino-acids of the protein, and preliminary results suggesting that soft disorder spots those surface regions where new interfaces are progressively accommodated by complex formation. Our results suggest that disordered regions not only carry crucial information about the location of alternative interfaces within complexes, but also of the order of the assembly. We verify these hypotheses in several examples. We finally compare our measures of disorder with several disorder predictors, showing that these latter are optimized to predict the residues that are missing in all the alternative structures of a protein, and they are not able to catch the progressive evolution of the disordered regions upon complex formation. Yet, the predicted residues, if not missing, tend to be characterized as soft disordered.
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