We present a new grid of convective BL Herculis models using the state-of-the-art 1D non-linear radial stellar pulsation tool MESA-RSP. We investigate the impact of metallicity and four sets of different convection parameters on multi-wavelength properties. Non-linear models were computed for periods typical for BL Her stars, i.e. $1 \leq \mathrm{P (days)} \leq 4$ covering a wide range of input parameters - metallicity ($-2.0\; \mathrm{dex} \leq \mathrm{[Fe/H]} \leq 0.0\; \mathrm{dex}$), stellar mass (0.5M$_{\odot}$-0.8M$_{\odot}$), luminosity (50L$_{\odot}$-300L$_{\odot}$) and effective temperature (full extent of the instability strip; in steps of 50K). The total number of BL Her models with full-amplitude stable pulsations used in this study is 10280 across the four sets of convection parameters. We obtain their multiband ($UBVRIJHKLL'M$) light curves and derive new theoretical period-luminosity ($PL$), period-Wesenheit ($PW$) and period-radius ($PR$) relations at mean light. We find that the models computed with radiative cooling show statistically similar slopes for $PL$, $PW$ and $PR$ relations. Most empirical relations match well with the theoretical $PL$, $PW$ and $PR$ relations from the BL Her models computed using the four sets of convection parameters. However, $PL$ slopes of the models with radiative cooling provide a better match to empirical relations for BL Her stars in the LMC in the $HK_S$ bands. For each set of convection parameters, the effect of metallicity is significant in $U$ and $B$-bands and negligible in infrared bands, which is consistent with empirical results. No significant metallicity effects are seen in the $PR$ relations.
Variation of Stellar Envelope Convection and Overshoot with Metallicity
我们研究金属丰度如何影响对流和过冲的超绝热层的主序星。我们目前的结果，从一个网格的三维辐射流体动力学模拟与四个金属丰度（$Z=0.040$，0.020，0.010，0.001），并跨越一个范围内的有效温度（$4950 < \rm T_{\rm eff} < 6230$）。我们发现，改变金属丰度改变对流气体动力学的性质，超绝热层和大气的结构。我们的模拟网格显示，超绝热性的量（它跟踪从高效对流到低效对流的转变），\rev{is sensitive to changes in metallicity. We find that increasing the metallicity forces the location of the transition region to lower densities and pressures, and results in larger mean and turbulent velocities throughout the superadiabatic region.}我们还量化了大气中对流过冲的程度，并表明它也随着金属丰度的增加而增加。
Subsurface convection zones are ubiquitous in early-type stars. Driven by narrow opacity peaks, these thin convective regions transport little heat but play an important role in setting the magnetic properties and surface variability of stars. Here we demonstrate that these convection zones are \emph{not} present in as wide a range of stars as previously believed. In particular, there are regions which 1D stellar evolution models report to be convectively unstable but which fall below the critical Rayleigh number for onset of convection. For sub-solar metallicity this opens up a \emph{stabilit…
Helium-Abundance and Other Composition Effects on the Properties of Stellar Surface Convection in Solar-like Main-sequence Stars
利用三维辐射流体动力学模拟网格，研究了氦丰度和$α$元素增强对类太阳主序星包层对流性质的影响。氦的丰度增加了气体的平均分子量，并通过取代氢来改变不透明度。由于氦的影响规模可能取决于金属丰度，网格由三个氦丰度（$Y=0.1, 0.2, 0.3$）的模拟组成，每个氦丰度有两个金属丰度（$Z=0.001, 0.020)$）。我们发现，改变氦的质量分数一般会影响结构和对流动力学的方式相反的金属丰度。此外，这种影响比金属丰度的影响小得多。氦的特征与金属丰度的特征不同之处在于它影响光球速度分布的方式。\rev{We also find that helium abundance and surface gravity behave largely in similar ways, but differ in the way they affect the mean molecular weight}。谱线形成的一个简单模型表明，谱线的平分线和绝对多普勒频移取决于氦的丰度。我们看看$α$元素增强的效果，发现它有一个相当小的影响，在SAL的对流动力学相比，氦丰度。
Bridging theory and observations in stellar pulsations: The impact of convection and metallicity on the instability strips of Classical and Type-II Cepheids
All cool main sequence stars including our Sun are thought to have magnetic fields. Observations of the Sun revealed that even in quiet regions small-scale turbulent magnetic fields are present. Simulations further showed that such magnetic fields affect the subsurface and photospheric structure, and thus the radiative transfer and emergent flux. Since small-scale turbulent magnetic fields on other stars cannot be directly observed, it is imperative to study their effects on the near surface layers numerically. Until recently comprehensive three-dimensional simulations capturing the effect of …
Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars. IV. Comparable stochastic low-frequency variability in SMC, LMC, and Galactic massive stars
A plasmoid-model for mass loss from stars on the upper red giant branch: The mass loss rate is controlled by the number of density scale heights in the convection zone
Results from observations report a growing number of metal-poor stars showing an abundance pattern midway between the s- and r-processes. These so-called r/s-stars raise the need for an intermediate neutron capture process (i-process), which is thought to result from the ingestion of protons in a convective helium-burning region, but whose astrophysical site is still largely debated. We investigate whether an i-process during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of low-metallicity low-mass stars can develop and whether it can explain the abundances of observed r/s-stars. At the beginning of…
Theoretical RR Lyrae Instability Strip from MESA-RSP Pulsation models and updated BaSTI Evolutionary Tracks
INAF-Osservatorio astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）；Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA)（大学间天文学与天体物理学中心）；INFN – Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sez. di Napoli（意大利国家核物理研究所那不勒斯分部）
Observations of Sun-like stars over the last half-century have improved our understanding of how magnetic dynamos, like that responsible for the 11-year solar cycle, change with rotation, mass and age. Here we show for the first time how metallicity can affect a stellar dynamo. Using the most complete set of observations of a stellar cycle ever obtained for a Sun-like star, we show how the solar analog HD 173701 exhibits solar-like differential rotation and a 7.4-year activity cycle. While the duration of the cycle is comparable to that generated by the solar dynamo, the amplitude of the brigh…
To properly quantify possible residual systematic errors affecting the Classical Cepheid distance scale, a detailed theoretical scenario is recommended. By extending the set of nonlinear convective pulsation models published for $Z=0.02$ \citep[][]{Desomma2020a} to $Z=0.004$, $Z=0.008$ and $Z=0.03$, we provide a detailed homogeneous nonlinear model grid taking into account simultaneous variations of the mass-luminosity relation, the efficiency of super-adiabatic convection and the chemical composition. The dependence of the inferred Period-Radius, Period-Mass-Radius, and Period-Mass-Luminosity…
Stellar models typically use the mixing length approximation as a way to implement convection in a simplified manner. While conventionally the value of the mixing length parameter, $α$, used is the solar calibrated value, many studies have shown that other values of $α$ are needed to properly model stars. This uncertainty in the value of the mixing length parameter is a major source of error in stellar models and isochrones. Using asteroseismic data, we determine the value of the mixing length parameter required to properly model a set of about 450 stars ranging in $\log g$, $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$…
Eccentric millisecond pulsars (eMSPs) with white dwarf companions exhibit orbital eccentricities orders of magnitude larger than predicted by turbulent convection in the white dwarfs' red giant progenitors. The orbital periods of eMSPs cluster around $P=20-30$ d, remarkably close to the red giant convective eddy turnover time $t_{\rm eddy}$. We propose that the anomalously large eccentricities are resonantly driven by convective flows somehow made coherent when the turnover time matches the tidally locked red giant's spin period, which is also the tidal forcing period. Numerical simulations of…
Three-dimensional hydrodynamical CO5BOLD model atmospheres of red giant stars. III. Line formation in the atmospheres of giants located close to the base of RGB
Radial Stellar Pulsation and Three-Dimensional Convection. III. Comparison of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Convection Effects on Radial Pulsation
我们已经开发了一个多维辐射流体动力学程序来模拟径向恒星脉动和对流的相互作用的全振幅脉动模型。对流是使用大涡模拟计算的。在这里，我们进行三维模拟的RR天琴座恒星与以前报道的二维模拟进行比较。我们发现，在二维和三维计算中，脉动相位上的峰值对流通量的时间依赖行为是非常相似的。在二维计算中脉动的增长率比三维计算中的脉动增长率高约$0.1\%$。6500 K RR Lyrant模型的光变曲线的振幅在我们的二维和三维计算中基本上是相同的，上升的光变曲线也是如此。在落光期间的不同时间，斜率存在差异。
Magnetic bright points on the solar photosphere mark the footpoints of kilogauss magnetic flux tubes extending toward the corona. Convective buffeting of these tubes is believed to excite MHD waves, which can propagate to the corona and deposit heat. Measuring wave excitation via bright-point motion can thus constrain coronal and heliospheric models. This has been done extensively with centroid tracking to estimate kink-mode wave excitation. DKIST will be the first telescope to resolve well the shapes and sizes of bright points, which can probe wave modes that have been difficult or impossible…
Massive stars have a strong impact on their surroundings, in particular when they produce a core-collapse supernova at the end of their evolution. In these proceedings, we review the general evolution of massive stars and their properties at collapse as well as the transition between massive and intermediate-mass stars. We also summarise the effects of metallicity and rotation. We then discuss some of the major uncertainties in the modelling of massive stars, with a particular emphasis on the treatment of convection in 1D stellar evolution codes. Finally, we present new 3D hydrodynamic simulat…
It has been suggested that the absence of macroturbulence in the atmosphere of NGC 1624 - 2 is due its strong magnetic field (the strongest known for a massive O star) suppressing convection in its outer layers, removing the mechanism thought responsible for the observed macroturbulence in stars with lower field strengths. Here, we develop and apply a criterion for a uniform magnetic field to suppress convection in stellar envelopes in which radiation pressure is a significant contributor to hydrostatic balance. We find upper mass limits of ~55 Msun and ~30 Msun for magnetic suppression to be …
Double-diffusive convection has been well studied in geophysical contexts, but detailed investigations of the regimes characteristic of stellar or planetary interiors have only recently become feasible. Since most astrophysical fluids are electrically conducting, it is possible that magnetic fields play a role in either enhancing or suppressing double-diffusive convection, but to date there have been no numerical investigations of such possibilities. Here we study the effects of a vertical background magnetic field (aligned with the gravitational axis) on the linear stability and nonlinear sat…
We present evolutionary models for solar-like stars with an improved treatment of convection that results in a more accurate estimate of the radius and effective temperature. This is achieved by improving the calibration of the mixing-length parameter, which sets the length scale in the 1D convection model implemented in the stellar evolution code. Our calibration relies on the results of 2D and 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations of convection to specify the value of the adiabatic specific entropy at the bottom of the convective envelope in stars as a function of their effective temperatur…
The first stars are thought to be one of the dominant sources of hydrogen reionization in the early Universe, with their high luminosities and surface temperatures expected to drive high ionizing photon production rates. In this work, we take our Geneva stellar evolution models of zero-metallicity stars and predict their production rates of photons capable to ionize H, He I and He II, based on a blackbody approximation. We present analytical fits in the range 1.7-500 solar masses. We then explore the impact of stellar initial mass, rotation, and convective overshooting for individual stars. We…
We study the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) evolution of stars with masses between $1~M_{\odot} - 8.5~M_{\odot}$. We focus on stars with a solar chemical composition, which allows us to interpret evolved stars in the Galaxy. We present a detailed comparison with models of the same chemistry, calculated with a different evolution code and based on a different set of physical assumptions. We find that stars of mass $\ge 3.5~M_{\odot}$ experience hot bottom burning at the base of the envelope. They have AGB lifetimes shorter than $\sim 3\times 10^5$ yr and eject into their surroundings gas contami…
We studied the influence of convection on the spectral energy distributions, photometric magnitudes, and colour indices of different types of stars across the H-R diagram. The 3D hydrodynamical CO5BOLD, averaged <3D>, and 1D hydrostatic LHD model atmospheres were used to compute spectral energy distributions of stars on the main sequence (MS), main sequence turn-off (TO), subgiant branch (SGB), and red giant branch (RGB), in each case at two different effective temperatures and two metallicities, [M/H]=0.0 and -2.0. Using the obtained spectral energy distributions, we calculated photometric ma…
Convection is ubiquitous in stars and occurs under many different conditions. Here we explore convection in main-sequence stars through two lenses: dimensionless parameters arising from stellar structure and parameters which emerge from the application of mixing length theory. We first define each quantity in terms familiar both to the 1D stellar evolution community and the hydrodynamics community. We then explore the variation of these quantities across different convection zones, different masses, and different stages of main-sequence evolution. We find immense diversity across stellar conve…
Metallicity does not reorder line-to-line sensitivity to granulation in solar-like stars
Institute of Physics, University of Graz（格拉茨大学物理研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung（马克斯·普朗克太阳系研究所）；Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学天体物理学与天文学学院系外行星科学中心）
