欧洲XFEL小型量子系统仪器的100万像素pnCCD探测器：系统和操作方面
The 1-Megapixel pnCCD Detector for the Small Quantum Systems Instrument at the European XFEL: System and Operation Aspects
摘要：
X射线自由电子激光，在过去的十年中成为可用的，如欧洲XFEL（EuXFEL），对他们的仪器提出了很高的要求。特别是在低于$1\,\text{keV}$的低光子能量下，需要具有高灵敏度以及因此具有低噪声和高量子效率的检测器，以使设施用户能够充分利用光子源的科学潜力。一个100万像素pnCCD探测器与$1024\times 1024$像素格式已安装和委托的成像应用在纳米尺寸的量子系统（NQS）站的小量子系统（SQS）仪器在EuXFEL。该仪器目前在$0.5$和$3\,\text{keV}$之间的能量范围内运行，NQS站的设计目的是通过将光离子和光电子能谱与相干衍射成像技术相结合，研究强自由电子激光脉冲与团簇、纳米颗粒和小生物分子的相互作用。成像检测器的核心是像素间距为$75\,μ\text{m}\times 75\,μ\text{m}$的pn型电荷耦合器件（pnCCD）。根据实验情况，pnCCD由于其非常低的$3$ e $^-$电子噪声和高量子效率而能够实现单光子成像。在这里，我们概述了EuXFEL pnCCD探测器以及2019年6月SQS实验的调试和首次用户操作结果。的检测器的设计和功能，其实施在EuXFEL的机械和控制方面的详细说明，以及重要的数据校正步骤的目的是提供有用的背景，为用户规划和分析实验EuXFEL，并可能作为一个基准比较和规划未来的终端站在其他自由电子激光。
英文摘要：
The X-ray free-electron lasers that became available during the last decade, like the European XFEL (EuXFEL), place high demands on their instrumentation. Especially at low photon energies below $1\,\text{keV}$, detectors with high sensitivity, and consequently low noise and high quantum efficiency, are required to enable facility users to fully exploit the scientific potential of the photon source. A 1-Megapixel pnCCD detector with a $1024\times 1024$ pixel format has been installed and commissioned for imaging applications at the Nano-Sized Quantum System (NQS) station of the Small Quantum System (SQS) instrument at EuXFEL. The instrument is currently operating in the energy range between $0.5$ and $3\,\text{keV}$ and the NQS station is designed for investigations of the interaction of intense FEL pulses with clusters, nano-particles and small bio-molecules, by combining photo-ion and photo-electron spectroscopy with coherent diffraction imaging techniques. The core of the imaging detector is a pn-type charge coupled device (pnCCD) with a pixel pitch of $75\,μ\text{m}\times 75\,μ\text{m}$. Depending on the experimental scenario, the pnCCD enables imaging of single photons thanks to its very low electronic noise of $3$e$^-$ and high quantum efficiency. Here we present an overview on the EuXFEL pnCCD detector and the results from the commissioning and first user operation at the SQS experiment in June 2019. The detailed descriptions of the detector design and capabilities, its implementation at EuXFEL both mechanically and from the controls side as well as important data correction steps aim to provide useful background for users planning and analyzing experiments at EuXFEL and may serve as a benchmark for comparing and planning future endstations at other FELs.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
