守护计算机与透视计算机：计算能耗的纯理论观点
Daemon computers versus clairvoyant computers: A pure theoretical viewpoint towards energy consumption of computing
摘要：
计算的能量消耗已经发现越来越突出，但该领域仍然缺乏一个统一的正式理论。在本文中，理论的计算能耗结构作为一个公理系统。这项工作是纯理论的，涉及定理证明和数学推理。它也是跨学科的，因此，虽然它的目标计算，它涉及理论物理（热力学和统计力学）和信息理论。该理论并不与理论物理学中的现有理论相矛盾，并且符合它们，因为它确实从它们那里采用了它的公理。然而，该理论导致了有趣的和重要的结论，没有在以前的工作中讨论。其中一些是：（i）朗道原理被证明是一个可证明的定理，前提条件是，命名为宏观决定论，持有。(ii)事实证明，真正的随机性（而不是伪随机性）可以用于计算结合或作为一种替代可逆性，以实现更多的节能。(iii)该理论提出了一个概念，即使用真正随机性的计算机可能会明显挑战热力学第二定律。这些是热力学中麦克斯韦守护进程的计算对应物，因此被命名为守护进程计算机。(iv)事实证明，如果我们不接受守护计算机的存在（以符合热力学第二定律），另一种类型的计算机，命名为千里眼计算机，必须存在，可以通过真正的随机性获得有关其他物理系统的信息。这个定理可能为普林斯顿大学全球意识项目中关于真实随机性的奇怪观察提供了理论解释。
英文摘要：
Energy consumption of computing has found increasing prominence but the area still suffers from the lack of a consolidated formal theory. In this paper, a theory for the energy consumption of computing is structured as an axiomatic system. The work is pure theoretical, involving theorem proving and mathematical reasoning. It is also interdisciplinary, so that while it targets computing, it involves theoretical physics (thermodynamics and statistical mechanics) and information theory. The theory does not contradict existing theories in theoretical physics and conforms to them as indeed it adopts its axioms from them. Nevertheless, the theory leads to interesting and important conclusions that have not been discussed in previous work. Some of them are: (i) Landauer's principle is shown to be a provable theorem provided that a precondition, named macroscopic determinism, holds. (ii) It is proved that real randomness (not pseudo randomness) can be used in computing in conjunction with or as an alternative to reversibility to achieve more energy saving. (iii) The theory propounds the concept that computers that use real randomness may apparently challenge the second law of thermodynamics. These are computational counterpart to Maxwell's daemon in thermodynamics and hence are named daemon computers. (iv) It is proved that if we do not accept the existence of daemon computers (to conform to the second law of thermodynamics), another type of computers, named clairvoyant computers, must exist that can gain information about other physical systems through real randomness. This theorem probably provides a theoretical explanation for strange observations about real randomness made in the global consciousness project at Princeton University.
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