With the proliferation of deep learning methods, many computer vision problems which were considered academic are now viable in the consumer setting. One drawback of consumer applications is lossy compression, which is necessary from an engineering standpoint to efficiently and cheaply store and transmit user images. Despite this, there has been little study of the effect of compression on deep neural networks and benchmark datasets are often losslessly compressed or compressed at high quality. Here we present a unified study of the effects of JPEG compression on a range of common tasks and datasets. We show that there is a significant penalty on common performance metrics for high compression. We test several methods for mitigating this penalty, including a novel method based on artifact correction which requires no labels to train.
Adversarial examples are known to have a negative effect on the performance of classifiers which have otherwise good performance on undisturbed images. These examples are generated by adding non-random noise to the testing samples in order to make classifier misclassify the given data. Adversarial attacks use these intentionally generated examples and they pose a security risk to the machine learning based systems. To be immune to such attacks, it is desirable to have a pre-processing mechanism which removes these effects causing misclassification while keeping the content of the image. JPEG a…
JPEG images can be further compressed to enhance the storage and transmission of large-scale image datasets. Existing learned lossless compressors for RGB images cannot be well transferred to JPEG images due to the distinguishing distribution of DCT coefficients and raw pixels. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for learned lossless compression of JPEG images that achieves end-to-end optimized prediction of the distribution of decoded DCT coefficients. To enable learning in the frequency domain, DCT coefficients are partitioned into groups to utilize implicit local redundancy. An auto…
The standard JPEG format is almost the optimum format in image compression. The compression ratio in JPEG sometimes reaches 30:1. The compression ratio of JPEG could be increased by embedding the Five Modulus Method (FMM) into the JPEG algorithm. The novel algorithm gives twice the time as the standard JPEG algorithm or more. The novel algorithm was called FJPEG (Five-JPEG). The quality of the reconstructed image after compression is approximately approaches the JPEG. Standard test images have been used to support and implement the suggested idea in this paper and the error metrics have been c…
Image Compression has become an absolute necessity in today's day and age. With the advent of the Internet era, compressing files to share among other users is quintessential. Several efforts have been made to reduce file sizes while still maintain image quality in order to transmit files even on limited bandwidth connections. This paper discusses the need for Discrete Cosine Transform or DCT in the compression of images in Joint Photographic Experts Group or JPEG file format. Via an intensive literature study, this paper first introduces DCT and JPEG Compression. The section preceding it disc…
With limited storage/bandwidth resources, input images to Computer Vision (CV) applications that use Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are often encoded with JPEG that is tailored to Human Vision (HV). This paper presents Deep Selector-JPEG, an adaptive JPEG compression method that targets image classification while satisfying HV criteria. For each image, Deep Selector-JPEG selects adaptively a Quality Factor (QF) to compress the image so that a good trade-off between the Compression Ratio (CR) and DNN classifier Accuracy (Rate-Accuracy performance) can be achieved over a set of images for a variety…
Data hiding is one widely used approach for protecting authentication and ownership. Most multimedia content like images and videos are transmitted or saved in the compressed form. This kind of lossy compression, such as JPEG, can destroy the hidden data, which raises the need of robust data hiding. It is still an open challenge to achieve the goal of data hiding that can be against these compressions. Recently, deep learning has shown large success in data hiding, while non-differentiability of JPEG makes it challenging to train a deep pipeline for improving robustness against lossy compressi…
Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；Nanjing Normal University（南京师范大学）；Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute（清华-伯克利深圳学院）
It is a critical issue to reduce the enormous amount of data in the processing, storage and transmission of a hologram in digital format. In photograph compression, the JPEG standard is commonly supported by almost every system and device. It will be favorable if JPEG standard is applicable to hologram compression, with advantages of universal compatibility. However, the reconstructed image from a JPEG compressed hologram suffers from severe quality degradation since some high frequency features in the hologram will be lost during the compression process. In this work, we employ a deep convolu…
Deep learning-based compression of giga-resolution whole slide images
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)（临床与分子医学系，挪威科学技术大学（NTNU））；Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital（实验室医学诊所，圣奥拉夫医院，特罗姆瑟大学医院）；Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital（健康研究部，SINTEF数字）；Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)（循环与医学成像系，挪威科学技术大学（NTNU））
Indiana University（印第安纳大学）；University of Miami（迈阿密大学）；Syracuse University（雪城大学）
As one of most fascinating machine learning techniques, deep neural network (DNN) has demonstrated excellent performance in various intelligent tasks such as image classification. DNN achieves such performance, to a large extent, by performing expensive training over huge volumes of training data. To reduce the data storage and transfer overhead in smart resource-limited Internet-of-Thing (IoT) systems, effective data compression is a "must-have" feature before transferring real-time produced dataset for training or classification. While there have been many well-known image compression approa…
Pt. R. S. University（拉维·尚卡尔大学）；Shri Shankarachrya College of Engineering & Technology（斯里·尚卡拉查里亚工程技术学院）
Lossy JPEG compression is a widely used compression technique. Normally the JPEG standard technique uses three process mapping reduces interpixel redundancy, quantization, which is lossy process and entropy encoding, which is considered lossless process. In this paper, a new technique has been proposed by combining the JPEG algorithm and Symbol Reduction Huffman technique for achieving more compression ratio. The symbols reduction technique reduces the number of symbols by combining together to form a new symbol. As a result of this technique the number of Huffman code to be generated also red…
Compression-Aware One-Step Diffusion Model for JPEG Artifact Removal
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息研究所）
Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology（东京都立产业技术高等专门学校）；Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学）
We propose a novel JPEG XT image compression with hue compensation for two-layer HDR coding. LDR images produced from JPEG XT bitstreams have some distortion in hue due to tone mapping operations. In order to suppress the color distortion, we apply a novel hue compensation method based on the maximally saturated colors. Moreover, the bitstreams generated by using the proposed method are fully compatible with the JPEG XT standard. In an experiment, the proposed method is demonstrated not only to produce images with small hue degradation but also to maintain well-mapped luminance, in terms of th…
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）
Recent advances in deep learning have led to superhuman performance across a variety of applications. Recently, these methods have been successfully employed to improve the rate-distortion performance in the task of image compression. However, current methods either use additional post-processing blocks on the decoder end to improve compression or propose an end-to-end compression scheme based on heuristics. For the majority of these, the trained deep neural networks (DNNs) are not compatible with standard encoders and would be difficult to deply on personal computers and cellphones. In light …
Unviersity of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
As a commonly-used image compression format, JPEG has been broadly applied in the transmission and storage of images. To further reduce the compression cost while maintaining the quality of JPEG images, lossless transcoding technology has been proposed to recompress the compressed JPEG image in the DCT domain. Previous works, on the other hand, typically reduce the redundancy of DCT coefficients and optimize the probability prediction of entropy coding in a hand-crafted manner that lacks generalization ability and flexibility. To tackle the above challenge, we propose the learned lossless JPEG…
University of Essex（埃塞克斯大学）；Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）；University of Southampton（南安普顿大学）
Visual Place Recognition (VPR) is the ability of a robotic platform to correctly interpret visual stimuli from its on-board cameras in order to determine whether it is currently located in a previously visited place, despite different viewpoint, illumination and appearance changes. JPEG is a widely used image compression standard that is capable of significantly reducing the size of an image at the cost of image clarity. For applications where several robotic platforms are simultaneously deployed, the visual data gathered must be transmitted remotely between each robot. Hence, JPEG compression…
We present an end-to-end image compression system based on compressive sensing. The presented system integrates the conventional scheme of compressive sampling and reconstruction with quantization and entropy coding. The compression performance, in terms of decoded image quality versus data rate, is shown to be comparable with JPEG and significantly better at the low rate range. We study the parameters that influence the system performance, including (i) the choice of sensing matrix, (ii) the trade-off between quantization and compression ratio, and (iii) the reconstruction algorithms. We prop…
Detection of double JPEG compression is important to forensics analysis. A few methods were proposed based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These methods only accept inputs from pre-processed data, such as histogram features and/or decompressed images. In this paper, we present a CNN solution by using raw DCT (discrete cosine transformation) coefficients from JPEG images as input. Considering the DCT sub-band nature in JPEG, a multiple-branch CNN structure has been designed to reveal whether a JPEG format image has been doubly compressed. Comparing with previous methods, the proposed m…
The JPEG image compression algorithm is the most popular method of image compression because of its ability for large compression ratios. However, to achieve such high compression, information is lost. For aggressive quantization settings, this leads to a noticeable reduction in image quality. Artifact correction has been studied in the context of deep neural networks for some time, but the current state-of-the-art methods require a different model to be trained for each quality setting, greatly limiting their practical application. We solve this problem by creating a novel architecture which …
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proved very accurate in multiple computer vision image classification tasks that required visual inspection in the past (e.g., object recognition, face detection, etc.). Motivated by these astonishing results, researchers have also started using CNNs to cope with image forensic problems (e.g., camera model identification, tampering detection, etc.). However, in computer vision, image classification methods typically rely on visual cues easily detectable by human eyes. Conversely, forensic solutions rely on almost invisible traces that are often very su…
University of Essex（埃塞克斯大学）；Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）；University of Southampton（南安普顿大学）
Visual Place Recognition (VPR) is a fundamental task that allows a robotic platform to successfully localise itself in the environment. For decentralised VPR applications where the visual data has to be transmitted between several agents, the communication channel may restrict the localisation process when limited bandwidth is available. JPEG is an image compression standard that can employ high compression ratios to facilitate lower data transmission for VPR applications. However, when applying high levels of JPEG compression, both the image clarity and size are drastically reduced. In this p…
Takushoku University（拓殖大学）；Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology（东京都立产业技术高等专门学校）；Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学）
An efficient two-layer coding method using the histogram packing technique with the backward compatibility to the legacy JPEG is proposed in this paper. The JPEG XT, which is the international standard to compress HDR images, adopts two-layer coding scheme for backward compatibility to the legacy JPEG. However, this two-layer coding structure does not give better lossless performance than the other existing methods for HDR image compression with single-layer structure. Moreover, the lossless compression of the JPEG XT has a problem on determination of the coding parameters; The lossless perfor…
Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）；University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
As JPEG is the most widely used image format, the importance of tampering detection for JPEG images in blind forensics is self-evident. In this area, extracting effective statistical characteristics from a JPEG image for classification remains a challenge. Effective features are designed manually in traditional methods, suggesting that extensive labor-consuming research and derivation is required. In this paper, we propose a novel image tampering detection method based on deep multi-scale discriminative networks (MSD-Nets). The multi-scale module is designed to automatically extract multiple f…
SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
JPEG is a popular image compression method widely used by individuals, data center, cloud storage and network filesystems. However, most recent progress on image compression mainly focuses on uncompressed images while ignoring trillions of already-existing JPEG images. To compress these JPEG images adequately and restore them back to JPEG format losslessly when needed, we propose a deep learning based JPEG recompression method that operates on DCT domain and propose a Multi-Level Cross-Channel Entropy Model to compress the most informative Y component. Experiments show that our method achieves…
A strategy for computing upper code-length limits of AC Huffman codes for an 8x8 block in JPEG Baseline coding is developed. The method is based on a geometric interpretation of the DCT, and the calculated limits are as close as 14% to the maximum code-lengths. The proposed strategy can be adapted to other transform coding methods, e.g., MPEG 2 and 4 video compressions, to calculate close upper code length limits for the respective processing blocks.
Lossy face image compression can degrade the image quality and the utility for the purpose of face recognition. This work investigates the effect of lossy image compression on a state-of-the-art face recognition model, and on multiple face image quality assessment models. The analysis is conducted over a range of specific image target sizes. Four compression types are considered, namely JPEG, JPEG 2000, downscaled PNG, and notably the new JPEG XL format. Frontal color images from the ColorFERET database were used in a Region Of Interest (ROI) variant and a portrait variant. We primarily conclu…
In recent years we have witnessed an increasing interest in applying Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to improve the rate-distortion performance in image compression. However, the existing approaches either train a post-processing DNN on the decoder side, or propose learning for image compression in an end-to-end manner. This way, the trained DNNs are required in the decoder, leading to the incompatibility to the standard image decoders (e.g., JPEG) in personal computers and mobiles. Therefore, we propose learning to improve the encoding performance with the standard decoder. In this paper, We work…
Small compression noises, despite being transparent to human eyes, can adversely affect the results of many image restoration processes, if left unaccounted for. Especially, compression noises are highly detrimental to inverse operators of high-boosting (sharpening) nature, such as deblurring and superresolution against a convolution kernel. By incorporating the non-linear DCT quantization mechanism into the formulation for image restoration, we propose a new sparsity-based convex programming approach for joint compression noise removal and image restoration. Experimental results demonstrate s…
With the development of human communications the usage of Visual Communications has also increased. The advancement of image compression methods is one of the main reasons for the enhancement. This paper first presents main modes of image compression methods such as JPEG and JPEG2000 without mathematical details. Also, the paper describes gradient Haar wavelet transforms in order to construct a preliminary image compression algorithm. Then, a new image compression method is proposed based on the preliminary image compression algorithm that can improve standards of image compression. The new me…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Based on the powerful feature extraction ability of deep learning architecture, recently, deep-learning based watermarking algorithms have been widely studied. The basic framework of such algorithm is the auto-encoder like end-to-end architecture with an encoder, a noise layer and a decoder. The key to guarantee robustness is the adversarial training with the differential noise layer. However, we found that none of the existing framework can well ensure the robustness against JPEG compression, which is non-differential but is an essential and important image processing operation. To address su…
Recent studies have used deep residual convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for JPEG compression artifact reduction. This study proposes a scalable CNN called S-Net. Our approach effectively adjusts the network scale dynamically in a multitask system for real-time operation with little performance loss. It offers a simple and direct technique to evaluate the performance gains obtained with increasing network depth, and it is helpful for removing redundant network layers to maximize the network efficiency. We implement our architecture using the Keras framework with the TensorFlow backend on an…
PKU-NTU Joint Research Institute（北京大学-南洋理工大学联合研究院）
JPEG is one of the most commonly used standards among lossy image compression methods. However, JPEG compression inevitably introduces various kinds of artifacts, especially at high compression rates, which could greatly affect the Quality of Experience (QoE). Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) based methods have shown excellent performance for removing the JPEG artifacts. Lots of efforts have been made to deepen the CNNs and extract deeper features, while relatively few works pay attention to the receptive field of the network. In this paper, we illustrate that the quality of output…
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)（韩国科学技术院）；NAVER WEBTOON AI（NAVER网络漫画AI）；Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.（三星电子株式会社）
Detecting and localizing image manipulation are necessary to counter malicious use of image editing techniques. Accordingly, it is essential to distinguish between authentic and tampered regions by analyzing intrinsic statistics in an image. We focus on JPEG compression artifacts left during image acquisition and editing. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients, where compression artifacts remain, to localize image manipulation. Standard CNNs cannot learn the distribution of DCT coefficients because the convolution throws away the …
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Intel Corporation（英特尔公司）
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in solving a variety of machine learning (ML) problems, especially in the domain of image recognition. However, recent research showed that DNNs can be highly vulnerable to adversarially generated instances, which look seemingly normal to human observers, but completely confuse DNNs. These adversarial samples are crafted by adding small perturbations to normal, benign images. Such perturbations, while imperceptible to the human eye, are picked up by DNNs and cause them to misclassify the manipulated instances with high confidence. In this…
In this paper we propose a deep residual autoencoder exploiting Residual-in-Residual Dense Blocks (RRDB) to remove artifacts in JPEG compressed images that is independent from the Quality Factor (QF) used. The proposed approach leverages both the learning capacity of deep residual networks and prior knowledge of the JPEG compression pipeline. The proposed model operates in the YCbCr color space and performs JPEG artifact restoration in two phases using two different autoencoders: the first one restores the luma channel exploiting 2D convolutions; the second one, using the restored luma channel…
This paper shows that it is possible to train large and deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) for JPEG compression artifacts reduction, and that such networks can provide significantly better reconstruction quality compared to previously used smaller networks as well as to any other state-of-the-art methods. We were able to train networks with 8 layers in a single step and in relatively short time by combining residual learning, skip architecture, and symmetric weight initialization. We provide further insights into convolution networks for JPEG artifact reduction by evaluating three differ…
Deep learning for computer vision depends on lossy image compression: it reduces the storage required for training and test data and lowers transfer costs in deployment. Mainstream datasets and imaging pipelines all rely on standard JPEG compression. In JPEG, the degree of quantization of frequency coefficients controls the lossiness: an 8 by 8 quantization table (Q-table) decides both the quality of the encoded image and the compression ratio. While a long history of work has sought better Q-tables, existing work either seeks to minimize image distortion or to optimize for models of the human…
Seeing Delta Parameters as JPEG Images: Data-Free Delta Compression with Discrete Cosine Transform
Fudan University（复旦大学）；Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）
Sichuan University（四川大学）；UC San Diego（加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校）
JPEG is one of the widely used lossy compression methods. JPEG-compressed images usually suffer from compression artifacts including blocking and blurring, especially at low bit-rates. Soft decoding is an effective solution to improve the quality of compressed images without changing codec or introducing extra coding bits. Inspired by the excellent performance of the deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on both low-level and high-level computer vision problems, we develop a dual pixel-wavelet domain deep CNNs-based soft decoding network for JPEG-compressed images, namely DPW-SDNet. The pi…
Learned image compression has achieved extraordinary rate-distortion performance in PSNR and MS-SSIM compared to traditional methods. However, it suffers from intensive computation, which is intolerable for real-world applications and leads to its limited industrial application for now. In this paper, we introduce neural architecture search (NAS) to designing more efficient networks with lower latency, and leverage quantization to accelerate the inference process. Meanwhile, efforts in engineering like multi-threading and SIMD have been made to improve efficiency. Optimized using a hybrid loss…
Flordia International University（佛罗里达国际大学）；Northeastern University（东北大学）
Image compression-based approaches for defending against the adversarial-example attacks, which threaten the safety use of deep neural networks (DNN), have been investigated recently. However, prior works mainly rely on directly tuning parameters like compression rate, to blindly reduce image features, thereby lacking guarantee on both defense efficiency (i.e. accuracy of polluted images) and classification accuracy of benign images, after applying defense methods. To overcome these limitations, we propose a JPEG-based defensive compression framework, namely "feature distillation", to effectiv…
Handling digital images is almost always accompanied by a lossy compression in order to facilitate efficient transmission and storage. This introduces an unavoidable tension between the allocated bit-budget (rate) and the faithfulness of the resulting image to the original one (distortion). An additional complicating consideration is the effect of the compression on recognition performance by given classifiers (accuracy). This work aims to explore this rate-distortion-accuracy tradeoff. As a case study, we focus on the design of the quantization tables in the JPEG compression standard. We offe…
Object detection in still images has drawn a lot of attention over past few years, and with the advent of Deep Learning impressive performances have been achieved with numerous industrial applications. Most of these deep learning models rely on RGB images to localize and identify objects in the image. However in some application scenarii, images are compressed either for storage savings or fast transmission. Therefore a time consuming image decompression step is compulsory in order to apply the aforementioned deep models. To alleviate this drawback, we propose a fast deep architecture for obje…
University of Siena（锡耶纳大学）；CNIT - Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni（CNIT - 国家电信大学间联盟）
Detection of contrast adjustments in the presence of JPEG postprocessing is known to be a challenging task. JPEG post processing is often applied innocently, as JPEG is the most common image format, or it may correspond to a laundering attack, when it is purposely applied to erase the traces of manipulation. In this paper, we propose a CNN-based detector for generic contrast adjustment, which is robust to JPEG compression. The proposed system relies on a patch-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), trained to distinguish pristine images from contrast adjusted images, for some selected adjus…
