On the basis of an extended set of nonlinear convective RR Lyrae pulsation models we derive the first theoretical light curves in the Gaia bands and the corresponding intensity-weighted mean magnitudes and pulsation amplitudes. The effects of chemical com-position on the derived Bailey diagrams in the Gaia filters are discussed for both Fundamental and First Overtone mode pulsators. The inferred mean magnitudes and colors are used to derive the first theoretical Period-Wesenheit relations for RR Lyrae in the Gaia filters. The application of the theoretical Period-Wesenheit relations for both the Fundamental and FirstOvertone mode to Galactic RR Lyrae in the Gaia Data Release 2 database and complementary information on individual metal abundances, allows us to derive theoretical estimates of their individual parallaxes. These results are compared with the astrometric solutions to conclude that a very small offset, consistent with zero, is required in order to reconcile the predicted distances with Gaia results.
Gaia's Cepheids and RR Lyrae Stars and Luminosity Calibrations Based on Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution
盖亚数据发布1包含超过700颗银河系造父变星和RR型天琴座恒星的星表，作为第谷-盖亚天体测量解决方案（TGAS）的一部分进行计算。我们利用TGAS光度计，结合文献（$V, I, J, {K_\mathrm{s}}, W_1$）光度学和光谱学，标定了经典造父变星和II型造父变星的周期-光度和周期-韦森关系的零点，以及近红外周期-光度、周期-光度-金属丰度和光学光度-金属丰度关系。在这方面的贡献，我们简要地总结了通过拟合这些基本关系，采用不同的技术，无论是在视差或距离（绝对星等）空间。
We combine observed metallicity, optical and infrared magnitudes with evolutionary and pulsation models to derive average luminosities for 156 single-mode RR Lyrae stars. These luminosities are compared with those obtained from the Gaia EDR3 parallaxes, and found in excellent agreement with the high accuracy subsample (62 stars, with relative parallax errors less than 2%). With the temperature and metallicity scale used, no parallax shift seems to be necessary when alpha-enhanced evolutionary models are employed. Some 10% of the sample shows curious `distance keeping' between the evolutionary …
The Gaia second Data Release (DR2) presents a first mapping of full-sky RR Lyrae stars and Cepheids observed by the spacecraft during the initial 22 months of science operations. The Specific Object Study (SOS) pipeline, developed to validate and fully characterise Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars (SOS Cep&RRL) observed by Gaia, has been presented in the documentation and papers accompanying the Gaia first Data Release. Here we describe how the SOS pipeline was modified to allow for processing the Gaia multiband (G, G_BP and G_RP) time series photometry of all-sky candidate variables and produce sp…
The second data release of the Gaia mission includes an advance catalog of variable stars. The classification of these stars are based on sparse photometry from the first 22 months of the mission. We set out to investigate the purity and completeness of the all-sky Gaia classification results with the help of the continuous light curves of the observed targets from the Kepler and K2 missions, focusing specifically on RR Lyrae and Cepheid pulsators, outside the Galactic Bulge region. We crossmatched the Gaia identifications with the observations collected by the Kepler space telescope. We inspe…
Investigating Gaia EDR3 parallax systematics using asteroseismology of Cool Giant Stars observed by Kepler, K2, and TESS II. Deciphering Gaia parallax systematics using red clump stars
We present an independent confirmation of the zero-point offset of ${\rm \it Gaia}$ Data Release 2 (DR2) parallaxes using asteroseismic data of evolved stars in the ${\rm \it Kepler}$ field. Using well-characterized red giant branch (RGB) stars from the APOKASC-2 catalogue we identify a ${\rm \it Gaia}$ astrometric pseudo-color ($ν_{\rm eff}$)- and ${\rm \it Gaia}$ $G$-band magnitude-dependent zero-point offset of $\varpi_{\rm seis} - \varpi_{Gaia} = 52.8 \pm 2.4 {\rm\ (rand.)} \pm 8.6 {\rm\ (syst.)} - (150.7 \pm 22.7)(ν_{\rm eff} - 1.5) - (4.21 \pm 0.77)(G - 12.2) μ{\rm as}$, in the sense tha…
Previous analyses of various standard candles observed by the Gaia satellite have reported statistically significant systematics in the parallaxes that have improved from $\sim$250 $μ$as in the first data release (DR1) to 50--80 $μ$as in the second data release (DR2). Here we examine the parallaxes newly reported in the Gaia early third data release (EDR3) using the same sample of benchmark eclipsing binaries (EBs) we used to assess the DR1 and DR2 parallaxes. We find a mean offset of $-37\pm20$ $μ$as (Gaia$-$EB), which decreases to $-15\pm18$ $μ$as after applying the corrections recommended b…
We provide uniform RR Lyrae-based distances to 39 dwarf galaxies in and around the Local Group. We determine distances based on a Bayesian hierarchical model that uses periods and magnitudes of published RR Lyrae in dwarf galaxies and is anchored to well-studied Milky Way (MW) RR Lyrae with spectroscopic metallicities and Gaia eDR3 parallaxes. Gaia eDR3 parallaxes for the anchor sample are a factor of 2, on average, more precise than DR2 parallaxes, and allow for a much better constrained period-luminosity-metallicity relation. While $\sim75$% of our distances are within 1-$σ$ of recent litera…
Testing models for fully and partially stripped low-mass stars with Gaia: Implications for hot subdwarfs, binary RR Lyrae, and black hole impostors
California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery（澳大利亚研究理事会引力波发现卓越中心）；Institut de Ciéncies del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那宇宙科学研究所，巴塞罗那大学）；Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam（波茨坦大学物理与天文学研究所）；Dpto. Química “Prof. José Carlos Vílchez Martín”, Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva（韦尔瓦大学实验科学学院“何塞·卡洛斯·比爾切·马丁”化学系）；Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院天文研究所）；Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso（瓦尔帕莱索大学物理与天文学研究所）
The importance of studying the Gaia DR2 parallax zero-point by external means was underlined by Lindegren et al. (2018), and initiated by several works making use of Cepheids, eclipsing binaries, and asteroseismology. Despite a very efficient elimination of basic-angle variations, a small fluctuation remains and shows up as a small offset in the Gaia DR2 parallaxes. By combining astrometric, asteroseismic, spectroscopic, and photometric constraints, we undertake a new analysis of the Gaia parallax offset for nearly 3000 red-giant branch (RGB) and 2200 red clump (RC) stars observed by Kepler, a…
Aims: To try and clarify whether there are stars in the neighbourhood of $β$ Lyrae which are physically connected to the famous prototype eclipsing binary. Methods: Scrutinize the astrometric and photometric data (from Hipparcos and Gaia DR2) of stars in a limited sky field around $β$~Lyrae. Results: A star cluster of about 100 members is discovered, nicely centered on $β$~Lyrae in 5 dimensions. There are clear indications that the newly discovered cluster belongs to a larger old (extinct) star formation complex, including two already known star clusters and an extended strewn field of stars a…
We present new empirical infrared Period-Luminosity-Metallicity (PLZ) and Period-Wesenheit-Metallicity (PWZ) relations for RR Lyrae based on the latest Gaia EDR3 parallaxes. The relations are provided in the WISE $W1$ and $W2$ bands, as well as in the $W(W1, V - W1)$ and $W(W2, V - W2)$ Wesenheit magnitudes. The relations are calibrated using a very large sample of Galactic halo field RR Lyrae stars with homogeneous spectroscopic [Fe/H] abundances (over 1,000 stars in the $W1$ band), covering a broad range of metallicities ($-2.5 \lesssim \textrm{[Fe/H]} \lesssim 0.0$). We test the performance…
A probabilistic approach has been used in combination with the parallax data from Gaia (e)DR3 to calibrate Period-Luminosity-(Abundance) (PLZ) Relations covering a wide range of visual to Infrared observations of RR Lyrae stars. Absolute Magnitude Relations are given, derived from the same selection of stars, for $V$, $G$, $I$, $K_\mathrm{s}$ and WISE $W1$ as well as for for the reddening free pseudo-magnitudes $WBV$, $WVI$ and finally also Gaia $WG$. The classical relation between $M_V$ and [Fe/H] is redetermined and as an illustration distances are given to a few selected objects.
We have examined the period-luminosity (P-L) relation for delta Scuti stars using Gaia DR2 parallaxes. We included 228 stars from the catalogue of Rodriguez et al. (2000), as well as 1124 stars observed in the four-year Kepler mission. For each star we considered the dominant pulsation period, and used DR2 parallaxes and extinction corrections to determine absolute V magnitudes. Many stars fall along a sequence in the P-L relation coinciding with fundamental-mode pulsation, while others pulsate in shorter-period overtones. The latter stars tend to have higher effective temperatures, consistent…
Classical double-mode pulsators (RR Lyrae stars and delta Cepheids) are important for their simultaneous pulsation in low-order radial modes. This enables us to put stringent constraints on their physical parameters. We use 30 bright galactic double-mode RR~Lyrae (RRd) stars to estimate their luminosities and compare them with those derived from the parallaxes of the recent data release (EDR3) of the Gaia survey. We employ pulsation and evolutionary models, together with observationally determined effective temperatures to derive the basic stellar parameters. Excluding 6 outlying stars (e.g., …
RR Lyrae stars have long been popular standard candles, but significant advances in methodology and technology have been made in recent years to increase their precision as distance indicators. We present multi-wavelength (optical $UBVR_cI_c$ and Gaia $G, BP, RP$; near-infrared $JHK_s$; mid-infrared $[3.6], [4.5]$) period-luminosity-metallicity (PLZ), period-Wesenheit-metallicity (PWZ) relations, calibrated using photometry obtained from The Carnegie RR Lyrae Program and parallaxes from the Gaia second data release for 55 Galactic field RR Lyrae stars. The metallicity slope, which has long bee…
Context. The multiplicity of classical Cepheids (CCs) and RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) is still imperfectly known, particularly for RRLs. Aims. In order to complement the close-in short orbital period systems presented in Paper I, our aim is to detect the wide, spatially resolved companions of the targets of our reference samples of Galactic CCs and RRLs. Methods. Angularly resolved common proper motion pairs were detected using a simple progressive selection algorithm to separate the most probable candidate companions from the unrelated field stars. Results. We found 27 resolved, high probability gr…
Classical Cepheids (CCs) and RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) are important classes of variable stars used as standard candles to estimate galactic and extragalactic distances. Their multiplicity is imperfectly known, particularly for RRLs. Astoundingly, to date only one RRL has convincingly been demonstrated to be a binary, TU UMa, out of tens of thousands of known RRLs. Our aim is to detect the binary and multiple stars present in a sample of Milky Way CCs and RRLs. In the present article, we combine the Hipparcos and Gaia DR2 positions to determine the mean proper motion of the targets, and we search …
Investigating Gaia EDR3 parallax systematics using asteroseismology of Cool Giant Stars observed by Kepler, K2, and TESS I. Asteroseismic distances to 12,500 red-giant stars
We present new luminosity-metallicity (LZ; MV-[Fe/H] and MG-[Fe/H]) relations and, for the first time, empirical, Gaia three-band (G,GBP,GRP) period-Wesenheit-metallicity (PWZ) relations of RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) derived using a hierarchical Bayesian approach and new accurate parallaxes published for these variables in the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3). In a previous study we obtained Bayesian hierarchically-derived LZ relations from a sample of about four hundred Milky Way field RRLs with G-band light curves and trigonometric parallaxes published in the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2), using V me…
We compare the parallaxes of stars from VLBI astrometry in the literature to those in the Gaia DR2 catalog. Our full sample contains young stellar objects, evolved AGB stars, pulsars and other radio stars. Excluding AGB stars, which show significant discrepancies between Gaia and VLBI parallaxes, and stars in binary systems, we obtain an average, systematic, parallax offset of $-75 \pm 29~μ$as for Gaia DR2, consistent with their estimate of a parallax zero-point between $-100$ and 0 $μ$as.
We present new near-infrared, $JHK_s$, Period--Luminosity relations (PLRs) for RR Lyrae variables in the Messier 53 (M53 or NGC 5024) globular cluster. Multi-epoch $JHK_s$ observations, obtained with the WIRCam instrument on the 3.6-m Canada France Hawaii Telescope, are used for the first time to estimate precise mean-magnitudes for 63 RR Lyrae stars in M53 including 29 fundamental-mode (RRab) and 34 first-overtone modes (RRc) variables. The $JHK_s$-band PLRs for RR Lyrae stars are best constrained for RRab types with a minimal scatter of 22, 23, and 19 mmag, respectively. The combined sample …
We attempt to identify RR Lyrae (RRL) stars in stellar streams that might have escaped from seven globular clusters (GCs) based on proper motions, distances, color-magnitude diagrams, and other properties extracted from the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) database. Specifically, we cross-match two large RRL stars catalogs (from Gaia DR2 and Catalina Sky Survey) with each other and with the EDR3 database and we end up with a sample of ~ 150,000 unique RRL stars. We calculate distances to RRL stars using the (M_G-[Fe/H]) and (M_V-[Fe/H]) absolute magnitude-metallicity relations and adopt [Fe/H]…
We present Gaia-DR2 astrometry of a sample of YSO candidates in Ophiuchus, Serpens Main and Serpens South/W40 in the Aquila Rift, which had been mainly identified by their infrared excess with Spitzer. We compare the Gaia-DR2 parallaxes against published and new parallaxes obtained from our Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) program GOBELINS. We obtain consistent results between Gaia and the VLBA for the mean parallaxes in each of the regions analyzed here. We see small offsets, when comparing mean values, of a few tens of micro-arcseconds in the parallaxes, which are either introduced by the Gai…
The Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) provides trigonometric parallaxes for 1.5 billion stars, with reduced systematics compared to Gaia Data Release 2 and reported precisions better by up to a factor of two. New to EDR3 is a tentative model for correcting the parallaxes of magnitude-, position-, and color-dependent systematics for five- and six-parameter astrometric solutions, $Z_5$ and $Z_6$. Using a sample of over 2,000 first-ascent red giant branch stars with asteroseismic parallaxes, I perform an independent check of the $Z_5$ model in a Gaia magnitude range of $9 \lesssim G \lesssim 13$ a…
Data from the space missions {\it Gaia}, {\it Kepler}, {\it CoRoT} and {\it TESS}, make it possible to compare parallax and asteroseismic distances. From the ratio of two densities $ρ_{\rm sca}/ρ_π$, we obtain an empirical relation $f_{Δν}$ between the asteroseismic large frequency separation and mean density, which is important for more accurate stellar mass and radius. This expression for main-sequence (MS) and subgiant stars with $K$-band magnitude is very close to the one obtained from interior MS models by Yıldız, Çelik \& Kayhan. We also discuss the effects of effective temperature and p…
We independently determine the zero-point offset of the Gaia early Data Release-3 (EDR3) parallaxes based on $\sim 110,000$ W Ursae Majoris (EW)-type eclipsing binary systems. EWs cover almost the entire sky and are characterized by a relatively complete coverage in magnitude and color. They are an excellent proxy for Galactic main-sequence stars. We derive a $W1$-band Period-Luminosity relation with a distance accuracy of $7.4\%$, which we use to anchor the Gaia parallax zero-point. The final, global parallax offsets are $-28.6\pm0.6$ $μ$as and $-25.4\pm4.0$ $μ$as (before correction) and $4.2…
We present a kinematical study of 314 RR~Lyrae stars in the solar neighbourhood using the publicly available photometric, spectroscopic, and {\it Gaia} DR2 astrometric data to explore their distribution in the Milky Way. We report an overdensity of 22 RR~Lyrae stars in the solar neighbourhood at a pericenter distance of between 5--9\,kpc from the Galactic center. Their orbital parameters and their chemistry indicate that these 22 variables share the kinematics and the [Fe/H] values of the Galactic disc, with an average metallicity and tangential velocity of [Fe/H]=$-0.60$\,dex and $v_θ = 241$\…
Classical Cepheids (DCEPs) are the most important standard candles in the extra-galactic distance scale thanks to the Period-Luminosity ($\rm PL$), Period-Luminosity-Color ($\rm PLC$) and Period-Wesenheit ($\rm PW$) relations that hold for these objects. The advent of the {\it Gaia} mission, and in particular the Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) provided accurate parallaxes to calibrate these relations. In order to fully exploit {\it Gaia} measurements, the zero point (ZP) of {\it Gaia} parallaxes should be determined with an accuracy of a few $\rm μas$. The individual ZP corrections provided by th…
We present a catalogue of 285 RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph), obtained by combining data from a number of different surveys including the second data release (DR2) of the European Space Agency (ESA) cornerstone mission Gaia. We have determined individual distances to the RRLs in our sample using for the first time a Gaia G-band luminosity-metallicity relation (MG - [Fe/H]) and study the structure of the Draco dSph as traced by its RRL population. We find that the RRLs located in the western/south-western region of Draco appear to be closer to us, which may be…
Possible M-type contact binaries were investigated by selecting W UMa-type variables with orbital periods below the 0.22-day cutoff. Gaia parallaxes were combined with Gaia and 2MASS photometry to obtain G and J-band absolute magnitudes of 674 red variable stars catalogued as contact binaries in the VSX database. The absolute magnitude of main sequence cool dwarfs varies strongly with spectral type, which was used to create a selection of 218 systems with primaries potentially of spectral types M0-M3. Lightcurves of the 46 systems with lowest near-infrared luminosities were inspected individua…
Using {\it Gaia} Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) parallaxes and Bayesian inference, we infer a parallax of the Westerlund 1 (Wd1) cluster. We find a parallax of $0.34\pm{0.05}$ mas corresponding to a distance of $2.8^{+0.7}_{-0.6}$ kpc. The new {\it Gaia} EDR3 distance is consistent with our previous result using {\it Gaia} DR2 parallaxes. This confirms that Wd1 is less massive and older than previously assumed. Compared to DR2, the EDR3 individual parallax uncertainties for each star decreased by 30\%. However, the aggregate parallax uncertainty for the cluster remained the same. This suggests th…
Improving reddening estimates for RR Lyrae stars in the Gaia bands: a machine learning approach to the PAC(Z) relation
INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学物理与天文系）
The systematic offset of Gaia parallaxes has been widely reported with Gaia's second data release, and it is expected to persist in future Gaia data. In order to use Gaia parallaxes to infer distances to high precision, we develop a hierarchical probabilistic model to determine the Gaia parallax zero point offset along with the calibration of an empirical model for luminosity of red clump stars by combining astrometric and photometric measurements. Using a cross-matched sample of red clump stars from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) and Gaia Data Release 2 (D…
