谱和的量子算法
Quantum algorithms for spectral sums
AI总结:
本文提出基于分块编码的量子算法估计半正定矩阵谱和,运行时间在矩阵规模上亚线性且对其他参数至多二次依赖,优于经典随机算法并改进已有量子算法,并应用于谱图理论中的三角形计数、有效电阻和生成树数量估计。
摘要:
我们提出了用于估计半正定(PSD)矩阵谱和的新型量子算法。对于函数 $f$,PSD 矩阵 $A$ 的谱和定义为 $\text{Tr}[f(A)] = \sum_j f(λ_j)$,其中 $λ_j$ 是 $A$ 的特征值。谱和的典型例子包括冯·诺依曼熵、$A^{-1}$ 的迹、对数行列式以及 Schatten $p$-范数,其中后者不要求矩阵是 PSD 的。目前最好的经典随机算法在估计这些量时,其运行时间至少与矩阵非零元素的数量成线性关系,并与估计误差的平方成比例。假设能够访问矩阵的分块编码(block-encoding),我们的算法在矩阵规模上具有亚线性复杂度,并且至多与其他参数(如条件数和近似误差)成二次关系,因此可以与文献中提出的大多数随机和分布式经典算法相竞争,并对针对相同问题提出的其他量子算法的运行时间实现了多项式级改进。我们展示了本工作中使用的算法和技术如何应用于谱图理论中的三个问题:近似图中的三角形数量、有效电阻以及生成树数量。
英文摘要:
We propose new quantum algorithms for estimating spectral sums of positive semi-definite (PSD) matrices. The spectral sum of an PSD matrix $A$, for a function $f$, is defined as $ \text{Tr}[f(A)] = \sum_j f(λ_j)$, where $λ_j$ are the eigenvalues of $A$. Typical examples of spectral sums are the von Neumann entropy, the trace of $A^{-1}$, the log-determinant, and the Schatten $p$-norm, where the latter does not require the matrix to be PSD. The current best classical randomized algorithms estimating these quantities have a runtime that is at least linearly in the number of nonzero entries of the matrix and quadratic in the estimation error. Assuming access to a block-encoding of a matrix, our algorithms are sub-linear in the matrix size, and depend at most quadratically on other parameters, like the condition number and the approximation error, and thus can compete with most of the randomized and distributed classical algorithms proposed in the literature, and polynomially improve the runtime of other quantum algorithms proposed for the same problems. We show how the algorithms and techniques used in this work can be applied to three problems in spectral graph theory: approximating the number of triangles, the effective resistance, and the number of spanning trees within a graph.
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