Photometry of 10 Million Stars from the First Two Years of TESS Full Frame Images
Chelsea X. Huang, Andrew Vanderburg, András Pál, Lizhou Sha, Liang Yu, Willie Fong, Michael Fausnaugh, Avi Shporer, Natalia Guerrero, Roland Vanderspek, George Ricker
备注：
This is the logical combination of two accepted RNAAS articles per arXiv's requirements. Data are available via MAST as a High Level Science Product. Appendix contains the detailed description of the data product
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is the first high-precision full-sky photometry survey in space. We present light curves from a magnitude limited set of stars and other stationary luminous objects from the TESS Full Frame Images, as reduced by the MIT Quick Look Pipeline (QLP). Our light curves cover the full two-year TESS Primary Mission and include $\sim$ 14,770,000 and $\sim$ 9,600,000 individual light curve segments in the Southern and Northern ecliptic hemispheres, respectively. We describe the photometry and detrending techniques we used to create the light curves, and compare the noise properties with theoretical expectations. All of the QLP light curves are available at MAST as a High Level Science Product via doi.org/10.17909/t9-r086-e880 (https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/qlp). This is the largest collection of TESS photometry available to the public to date.
QLP Data Release Notes 004: TESS-Gaia Light Curve Photometry Implementation
MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California, Irvine（加州大学尔湾分校物理与天文学系）
We present High-Level Science Products (HLSPs) containing light curves from MIT's Quick-Look Pipeline (QLP) from the second year of TESS' first Extended Mission (Sectors 40 - 55; 2021 July - 2022 September). In total, 12.2 million per-sector light curves for 5.7 million unique stars were extracted from 10-minute cadence Full-Frame Images (FFIs) and are made available to the community. As in previous deliveries, QLP HLSPs include both raw and detrended flux time series for all observed stars brighter than TESS magnitude T = 13.5 mag. Starting in Sector 41, QLP also produces light curves for sel…
We present a magnitude-limited set of lightcurves for stars observed over the TESS Extended Mission, as extracted from full-frame images (FFIs) by MIT's Quick-Look Pipeline (QLP). QLP uses multi-aperture photometry to produce lightcurves for ~1 million stars each 27.4-day sector, which are then searched for exoplanet transits. The per-sector lightcurves for 9.1 million unique targets observed over the first year of the Extended Mission (Sectors 27 - 39) are available as High-Level Science Products (HLSP) on the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). As in our TESS Primary Mission QLP HL…
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is currently concluding its 2-year primary science mission searching 85% of the sky for transiting exoplanets. TESS has already discovered well over one thousand TESS objects of interest (TOIs), but these candidate exoplanets must be distinguished from astrophysical false positives using other instruments or techniques. The 3-band Multi-color Simultaneous Camera for Studying Atmospheres of Transiting Planets (MuSCAT), as well as the 4-band MuSCAT2, can be used to validate TESS discoveries. Transits of exoplanets are achromatic when observed in m…
Binary stars are crucial laboratories for stellar physics, so have been photometric targets for space missions beginning with the very first orbiting telescope (OAO-2) launched in 1968. This review traces the binary stars observed and the scientific results obtained from the early days of ultraviolet missions (OAO-2, Voyager, ANS, IUE), through a period of diversification (Hipparcos, WIRE, MOST, BRITE), to the current era of large planetary transit surveys (CoRoT, Kepler, TESS). In this time observations have been obtained of detached, semi-detached and contact binaries containing dwarfs, sub-…
Planets emit thermal radiation and reflect incident light that they recieve from their host stars. As a planet orbits it's host star the photometric variations associated with these two effects produce very similar phase curves. If observed through only a single bandpass this leads to a degeneracy between certain planetary parameters that hinder the precise characterization of such planets. However, observing the same planet through two different bandpasses gives one much more information about the planet. Here, we develop a Bayesian methodology for combining photometry from both \emph{Kepler}…
Stellar RV jitter due to surface activity may bias the RV semi-amplitude and mass of rocky planets. The amplitude of the jitter may be estimated from the uncertainty in the rotation period, allowing the mass to be more accurately obtained. We find candidate rotation periods for 17 out of 35 TESS Objects of Interest (TOI) hosting <3 R_Earth planets as part of the Magellan-TESS Survey, which is the first-ever statistically robust study of exoplanet masses and radii across the photo-evaporation gap. Seven periods are 3+ sigma detections, two are 1.5+ sigma, and 8 show plausible variability but th…
We present analysis of the starspot properties and chromospheric activity on HD 134319 using high precision photometry by TESS in sectors 14-16 (T1), 21-23 (T2) and high-resolution spectroscopy by OHP/ELODIE and Keck/HIRES during years 1995-2013. We applied a two-spot model with GLS determined period $P=4.436391\pm0.00137$ day to model chunks sliding over TESS light curve, and measured relative equivalent widths of Ca II H and K, H$β$ and H$α$ emissions by subtracting overall spectrum from individual spectrum. It was found that a two-spot configuration, i.e. a primary, slowly evolving and long…
The Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) has been surveying more than $70\%$ of the celestial sphere for nearly a decade. While the primary science goal of the survey is the discovery of transiting, large-radii planets around bright host stars, the survey has collected more than $10^6$ images, with a typical cadence between $10-30$ minutes, for more than $4$ million sources with apparent visual magnitudes in the approximate range $7<V<13$. Here we provide a catalog of 52,741 objects showing significant large-amplitude fluctuations likely caused by stellar variability and 62,229 objects…
We analyse Sector 20 TESS photometry of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-12b, and extract its phase curve to study the planet's atmospheric properties. We successfully recover the phase curve with an amplitude of 549 $\pm$ 62 ppm, and a secondary eclipse depth of 609$^{+74}_{-73}$ ppm. The peak of the phase curve is shifted by 0.049 $\pm$ 0.015 in phase, implying that the brightest spot in the atmosphere is shifted from the substellar point towards the planet's evening terminator. Assuming zero albedo, the eclipse depth infers a day-side brightness temperature of 3128$^{+64}_{-68}$ K. No significant…
High-precision transit photometry supplies ideal opportunities for detecting new exoplanets and characterizing their physical properties, which usually encode valuable information for unveiling the planetary structure, atmosphere and dynamical history. We present revised properties of three transiting systems (i.e., HAT-P-13, HAT-P-16 and WASP-32) through analyzing TESS photometry and ground-based transit observations, which were obtained at the 1m and 2.4m telescopes of Yunnan Observatories, China, and the 1.2m telescope of Hamburg Observatory, Germany, as well as the data in the literature. …
Uninterrupted observations from space-borne telescopes provide the photometric precision that is required to detect shallow transits of small planets missed by ground-based surveys. We used data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to search for nearby planetary companions in 12 planetary systems with hot Jupiters: HD 2685, Qatar-10, WASP-4, WASP-48, WASP-58, WASP-91, WASP-120, WASP-121, WASP-122, WASP-140, XO-6, and XO-7. We also applied the transit timing method based on homogeneously determined mid-transit times in order to search for non-transiting companions that could gr…
During its two year prime mission the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will perform a time-series photometric survey covering over 80% of the sky. This survey comprises observations of 26 24 x 96 degree sectors that are each monitored continuously for approximately 27 days. The main goal of TESS is to find transiting planets around 200,000 pre-selected stars for which fixed aperture photometry is recorded every two minutes. However, TESS is also recording and delivering Full-Frame Images (FFIs) of each detector at a 30 minute cadence. We have created an open-source tool, eleanor, t…
Context: The TESS team periodically issues a new list of transiting exoplanet candidates based on the analysis of the accumulating light curves obtained by the satellite. The list includes the estimated epochs, periods, and durations of the potential transits. As the point spread function (PSF) of TESS is relatively wide, follow-up photometric observations at higher spatial resolution are required in order to exclude apparent transits that are actually blended background eclipsing binaries (BEBs). Aims: The Gaia space mission, with its growing database of epoch photometry and high angular reso…
High-precision transit observations provide excellent opportunities for characterizing the physical properties of exoplanetary systems. These physical properties supply many pieces of information for unvealing the internal structure, external atmosphere, and dynamical history of the planets. We present revised properties of transiting systems WASP-35 and HAT-P-30/WASP-51 through analyzing newly available TESS photometry and ground-based observations obtained at 1m telescope of Yunnan Observatories as well as from the literature. The improved system parameters are consistent with the previous r…
Space-based photometric surveys have discovered large numbers of planets transiting other stars, but these observe in a single band-pass and yield only the planet radius, orbital period, and transit duration. Information on the masses, compositions, and any atmospheres of these planets requires additional observations from the ground or space. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will yield thousands of planets around bright stars suitable for such follow-up. In the absence of spectroscopy or spectrophotometry from space, observations through the different pass-bands of multiple sp…
Kepler's short-period exoplanet population has revealed evolutionary features such as the Radius Valley and the Hot Neptune desert that are likely sculpted by atmospheric loss over time. These findings suggest that the primordial planet population is different from the Gyr-old Kepler population, and motivates exoplanet searches around young stars. Here, we present pterodactyls , a data reduction pipeline specifically built to address the challenges in discovering exoplanets around young stars and to work with TESS Primary Mission 30-min cadence photometry, since most young stars were not pre-s…
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS, launched early 2018) is expected to find a multitude of new transiting planet candidates around the nearest and brightest stars. Timely high-precision follow-up observations from the ground are essential in confirming and further characterizing the planet candidates that TESS will find. However, achieving extreme photometric precisions from the ground is challenging, as ground-based telescopes are subject to numerous deleterious atmospheric effects. Beam-shaping diffusers are emerging as a low-cost technology to achieve hitherto unachievable dif…
NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission is expected to discover hundreds of planets via single transits first identified in their light curves. Determining the orbital period of these single transit candidates typically requires a significant amount of follow-up work to observe a second transit or measure a radial velocity orbit. In Yao et al. (2019), we developed simulations that demonstrated the ability to use archival photometric data in combination with TESS to "precover" the orbital period for these candidates with a precision of several minutes, assuming circular orbi…
The dayside brightness spectrum of a highly irradiated transiting brown dwarf KELT-1b has been shown to be challenging to explain with the current brown dwarf atmosphere models. The spectrum has been measured from observations spanning ten years and covering high-precision secondary eclipses and phase curves from space in blue-visible (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite, CHEOPS), red-visible (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TESS), and near-infrared (Spitzer), as well as secondary eclipse observations in near-infrared from the ground. First, the dayside of KELT-1b was observed to be brig…
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is focusing on relatively bright stars and has found thousands of planet candidates. However, mainly because of the low spatial resolution of its cameras ($\approx$ 21 arcsec/pixel), TESS is expected to detect several false positives (FPs); hence, vetting needs to be done. Here, we present a follow-up program of TESS candidates orbiting solar-analogue stars that are in the all-sky PLATO input catalogue. Using Gaia photometry and astrometry we built an absolute colour-magnitude diagram and isolated solar-analogue candidates' hosts. We performed a…
COUNTESS I: A Uniformly Vetted Catalog of Known and New Transiting Exoplanets in the TESS Northern Continuous Viewing Zone
University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；Penn State（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds（系外行星与宜居世界中心）；Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute（加州理工学院/IPAC-NASA 系外行星科学研究所）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
We report the discovery of TOI 263.01 (TIC 120916706), a transiting substellar object (R = 0.87 RJup) orbiting a faint M3.5~V dwarf (V=18.97) on a 0.56~d orbit. We set out to determine the nature of the TESS planet candidate TOI 263.01 using ground-based multicolour transit photometry. The host star is faint, which makes RV confirmation challenging, but the large transit depth makes the candidate suitable for validation through multicolour photometry. Our analysis combines three transits observed simultaneously in r', i', and z_s bands using the MuSCAT2 multicolour imager, three LCOGT-observed…
High-Time-Cadence Spectroscopy and Photometry of Stellar Flares on M-dwarf YZ Canis Minoris with Seimei Telescope and TESS. II. Statistical Properties of Blue/Red Asymmetries in the H$α$ Line
Space-based transit surveys such as K2 and TESS allow the detection of small transiting planets with orbital periods beyond 10 days. Few of these warm Neptunes are currently known around stars bright enough to allow for detailed follow-up observations dedicated to their atmospheric characterization. The 21-day period and 3.95 $R_\oplus$ planet HD106315c has been discovered based on the observation of two of its transits by K2. We have observed HD106315 using the 1.2m Euler telescope equipped with the EulerCam camera on two instances to confirm the transit using broad band photometry and refine…
The distortions of absorption line profiles caused by photospheric brightness variations on the surfaces of cool, main-sequence stars can mimic or overwhelm radial velocity (RV) shifts due to the presence of exoplanets. The latest generation of precision RV spectrographs aims to detect velocity amplitudes $\lesssim 10$ cm s$^{-1}$, but requires mitigation of stellar signals. Statistical techniques are being developed to differentiate between Keplerian and activity-related velocity perturbations. Two important challenges, however, are the interpretability of the stellar activity component as RV…
TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) was launched in 2018 with the purpose of observing bright stars in the solar neighbourhood to search for transiting exoplanets. After the completion of the two year nominal mission, TESS has provided 2\,minute cadence photometry of over 200\,000 stars. This large collection of light curves opens the possibility to study the statistical and temporal properties of this ensemble of stars. Most of the currently available data pipelines are designed to work on single sector at a time. We present a new TESS data pipeline called {\tt Taranga}, with the pur…
Origins of giant planets on tight orbits, so called hot Jupiters, are a long-lasting question in the planetary formation and evolution theory. The answer seems to be hidden in architectures of those systems that remain only partially understood. Using multi-sector time-series photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, we searched for additional planets in the KELT-18, KELT-23, KELT-24, Qatar-8, WASP-62, WASP-100, WASP-119, and WASP-126 planetary systems using both the transit technique and transit timing method. Our homogenous analysis has eliminated the presence of transiting …
We present the detection of 1,617 new transiting planet candidates, identified in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) full-frame images (FFIs) observed during the Primary Mission (Sectors 1 - 26). These candidates were initially detected by the Quick-Look Pipeline (QLP), which extracts FFI lightcurves for and searches all stars brighter than TESS magnitude T = 13.5 mag in each sector. However, QLP heavily relies on manual inspection for the identification of planet candidates, limiting vetting efforts to planet-hosting stars brighter than T = 10.5 mag and leaving millions of poten…
We apply the ${\tt weirddetector}$, a nonparametric signal detection algorithm based on phase dispersion minimization, in a search for low duty-cycle periodic signals in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (${\it TESS}$) photometry. Our approach, in contrast to commonly used model-based approaches specifically for flagging transits, eclipsing binaries, or other similarly periodic events, makes minimal assumptions about the shape of a periodic signal, with the goal of finding "weird" signals of unexpected or arbitrary shape. In total, 248,301 ${\it TESS}$ sources from the first-year South…
Solar-like oscillations are excited in cool stars with convective envelopes and provide a powerful tool to constrain fundamental stellar properties and interior physics. We provide a brief history of the detection of solar-like oscillations, focusing in particular on the space-based photometry revolution started by the CoRoT and Kepler Missions. We then discuss some of the lessons learned from these missions, and highlight the continued importance of smaller space telescopes such as BRITE constellation to characterize very bright stars with independent observational constraints. As an example,…
Identifying long-period eclipsing binaries with space-based photometry is still a challenge even in the century of space telescopes due to the relatively short observation sequences and short lifetime of these missions. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) space telescope is an appropriate tool to supplement previous space-based observations. In this paper we report the first results of the eclipse timing variation (ETV) analyses of eclipsing binaries (EBs) measured by CoRoT and TESS space telescopes. Among the 1428 EB candidates we found 4 new potential triple candidates, for whic…
Variability classification of TESS targets in LOPS2, the first long-term pointing field of PLATO. Version 1 of the public variability catalogue
KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学）；MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics & Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院天文研究所）；Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学）；University of Southern Queensland（南昆士兰大学）
Recent TESS-based studies have suggested that the dayside of KELT-1b, a strongly-irradiated brown dwarf, is significantly brighter in visible light than what would be expected based on Spitzer observations in infrared. We observe eight eclipses of KELT-1b with CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite) to measure its dayside brightness temperature in the bluest passband observed so far, and model the CHEOPS photometry jointly with the existing optical and NIR photometry from TESS, LBT, CFHT, and Spitzer. Our modelling leads to a self-consistent dayside spectrum for KELT-1b covering the CHEOPS…
We carry out a phase-curve analysis of the KELT-9 system using photometric observations from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The measured secondary eclipse depth and peak-to-peak atmospheric brightness modulation are $650^{+14}_{-15}$ ppm and $566\pm16$ ppm, respectively. The planet's brightness variation reaches maximum $31\pm5$ minutes before the midpoint of the secondary eclipse, indicating a $5\overset{\circ}{.}2\pm0\overset{\circ}{.}9$ eastward shift in the dayside hot spot from the substellar point. We also detect stellar pulsations on KELT-9 with a period of $7.5869…
After observing WASP-12 in the second year of the primary mission, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) revisited the system in late 2021 during its extended mission. In this paper, we incorporate the new TESS photometry into a reanalysis of the transits, secondary eclipses, and phase curve. We also present a new $K_s$-band occultation observation of WASP-12b obtained with the Palomar/Wide-field Infrared Camera instrument. The latest TESS photometry spans three consecutive months, quadrupling the total length of the TESS WASP-12 light curve and extending the overall time baseline b…
We define various types of "phantom" stars that may appear in the TESS Input Catalog (TIC), and provide examples and lists of currently known cases. We present a methodology that can be used to check for phantoms around any object of interest in the TIC, and we present an approach for correcting the TIC-reported flux contamination factors accordingly. We checked all 2077 TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs) known as of July 21st 2020 (Sectors 1 to 24) and sent corrections for 291 stars to MAST where they are integrated into the publicly available TIC-8, updating it to TIC 8.1. We used the experienc…
TESS's First Bound Microlensing Planet: A Binary Microlensing Event Revealing a Planetary Companion toward the Galactic Plane
University of New Mexico（新墨西哥大学）；Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CNRS, Institut UTINAM UMR 6213（玛丽和路易斯·巴斯德大学，法国国家科学研究中心，UTINAM研究所）；Texas Tech University（德克萨斯理工大学）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）
