基于Spot和Burstable虚拟机的云中任务包调度
Scheduling Bag-of-Tasks in Clouds using Spot and Burstable Virtual Machines
摘要：
领先的云提供商以不同的合同模式提供多种类型的虚拟机（VM），在可用性和可靠性方面有不同的保证。其中，最受欢迎的合约模式是按需和现货模式。在前者中，按需虚拟机以固定的单位时间成本分配，并且在整个执行期间确保其可用性。另一方面，在现货市场中，与按需虚拟机相比，虚拟机提供了巨大的折扣，但它们的可用性根据云的当前需求而波动，云可以随时终止或休眠现货虚拟机。此外，为了应对工作负载变化，云提供商还引入了可突发虚拟机的概念，与同等的非突发按需虚拟机相比，这些虚拟机能够在有限的时间内以高达20%的折扣提升各自的基准CPU性能。在目前的工作中，我们提出了突发休眠感知动态调度（突发HADS），一个框架，调度和执行任务袋的任务应用程序的最后期限的限制，利用现场和按需突发虚拟机，旨在最大限度地减少货币成本和执行时间。基于ILS元调度，Burst-HADS定义了任务到VM的初始调度映射，然后可以通过迁移休眠的点VM的任务或在VM空闲时执行工作窃取来动态更改该映射。Amazon EC2云上不同应用程序的性能结果表明，与仅使用常规按需实例的解决方案相比，Burst-HADS降低了执行的货币成本，即使在具有高点休眠率的情况下也能满足应用程序的最后期限。与仅使用点实例和非突发性按需实例的解决方案相比，它还减少了总执行时间。
英文摘要：
Leading Cloud providers offer several types of Virtual Machines (VMs) in diverse contract models, with different guarantees in terms of availability and reliability. Among them, the most popular contract models are the on-demand and the spot models. In the former, on-demand VMs are allocated for a fixed cost per time unit, and their availability is ensured during the whole execution. On the other hand, in the spot market, VMs are offered with a huge discount when compared to the on-demand VMs, but their availability fluctuates according to the cloud's current demand that can terminate or hibernate a spot VM at any time. Furthermore, in order to cope with workload variations, cloud providers have also introduced the concept of burstable VMs which are able to burst up their respective baseline CPU performance during a limited period of time with an up to 20% discount when compared to an equivalent non-burstable on-demand VMs. In the current work, we present the Burst Hibernation-Aware Dynamic Scheduler (Burst-HADS), a framework that schedules and executes tasks of Bag-of-Tasks applications with deadline constraints by exploiting spot and on-demand burstable VMs, aiming at minimizing both the monetary cost and the execution time. Based on ILS metaheuristics, Burst-HADS defines an initial scheduling map of tasks to VMs which can then be dynamically altered by migrating tasks of a hibernated spot VM or by performing work-stealing when VMs become idle. Performance results on Amazon EC2 cloud with different applications show that, when compared to a solution that uses only regular on-demand instances, Burst-HADS reduces the monetary cost of the execution and meet the application deadline even in scenarios with high spot hibernation rates. It also reduces the total execution time when compared to a solution that uses only spot and non-burstable on-demand instances.
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